On Sun, 14 Jan 2001 Jh wrote: Do men and women really suffer differently? Or do people in general suffer over different things..... The suffering that is felt at the acute level must be the same if we are all human. People in humanity (depending on culture, gender, education etc...)suffer and dorment themselves over different issues... Since one cannot be both male and female at the same time it is difficult to measure suffering...by the same method, one cannot be both Native Indian and British... therefore how does if men from different cultures suffer differently or the same just because they are men...? comments welcome Subject: Re: suffering Dear JH, You've asked a difficult question, and so I have delayed in answering it. Please forgive my procrastination. As you might guess, there is a long standing battle between "nature" and "nurture", between genes and memes, between inherited characteristics and cultural training. My claim that men and women suffer differently is weighing in on the "nature" side of the debate, that it is in the genes. This, of course, is the argument of the evolutionary biologists and many well respected scientists who are members of the National Academy. However, in more recent years, I have had the counter argument brought to my attention that there are clever ways in which "nurture" or environment can directly affect the baby in its mother's womb, so that nurture is often confused with nature. Recognizing that many of these arguments will have to await better experiments and better biochemical understanding of the mind, nonetheless I will go out on a limb and predict that the genetic differences between men and women will be found to be responsible for this difference in how the two suffer. That is, it will exist in every culture and every language in one form or another. The exact expression might be clouded by cultural accretions, but nonetheless, we need to understand the "maleness" of the book of Job if we are to understand his suffering. This is not to say that 99.5% of the book could be understood even had it been written by his wife, but there is a distinct flavor running through the book that only makes sense in terms of gender differences. Ultimately, it ties in to Job's Advocate and God himself. But that step, of meeting Personal Truth, is for those who graduate from Job. - pax Rob Sheldon