ABOUT thirty years are embraced in the period which we are labeling for convenience "The Middle Period" of the Exile and which extends roughly from about 585 to 555. During these years a considerable body of literature was produced by the exiles: new additions were made to the prophetic oracles, the Deuteronomic history was brought to a close, the initial stages of the editing of the P source were undertaken and, if our dating is correct, the magnificent Wisdom writing which wrestles with the problem of theodicy, the book of Job, was composed.
In its present form, the book of Job records the sad adventures of a good and righteous man, stricken by God, and comforted by friends whose comments set forth the attitudes toward sin, suffering, righteousness and divine justice which were current in the writer's day. The prose prologue introduces the reader to Job, presenting him as one whose every act was kind, good and just, as a man of faith whose blamelessness and righteousness were affirmed by God. Indeed, it was God's boast of Job's upright behavior that prompted "the Satan,"1 a member of the court of heaven,2 to raise the question of the reason for Job's piety. Was it not because Job was blessed with every good thing that he was righteous? Would not Job, once robbed of possessions and later of health, reveal his true nature and curse God? The stage is set. Job has lost sons, daughters and possessions and is suffering personal bodily affliction. The reader is invited to discover the answer to the question: will Job curse God? But the author is really dealing with more significant questions concerned with theodicy and how a righteous man can live in the face of adversity (cf. Habakkuk). In the poetic section following the prologue, each of Job's friends presents a position to which Job responds, and out of these statements the writer of Job skillfully develops his theme. As we shall see presently, this mode of presenting the problem of theodicy and struggling with the meaning of existence was popular among wisdom writers of Egypt and Mesopotamia prior to the development of the Hebrew nation.
Earlier it was suggested that Wisdom Schools may have been introduced into Hebrew society during Solomon's age,3 perhaps in imitation of court patterns of surrounding nations. Wisdom writings are characterized by an appeal to human experience and common sense, tending to rest the reasonableness of an argument upon the logic of that which may generally be observed to occur in life and avoiding appeals to theological or nationalistic beliefs.4 Such writings tend to be universal in appeal, for they touch upon problems of human experience that transcend political or theological boundaries, expressing provenance only by references to local deities or settings. The problem of the suffering of the innocent or righteous has preoccupied thinkers in every culture postulating righteous or moral gods in control of human destiny and where the assumption is made that there is some sort of relationship between sin and suffering and between righteousness and blessing. Many writings on this theme, some much older than Job and some bearing striking affinities to Job, have been found among Egyptian and Mesopotamian documents.
The Egyptian essay recording a "Dispute over Suicide" between a man and his soul was noted earlier in the discussion of the First Intermediary Period (2200-1900 B.C.).5 Shortly afterward, during the early second millennium, "The Protests of the Eloquent Peasant" was composed, employing a prose prologue and epilogue to frame nine "semipoetic" discourses through which a peasant, deprived of his rights, successfully argues his case before the chief steward.6 If the author of Job was acquainted with these or similar stories from Egypt, and it is quite possible that he was, there is no evidence of literary borrowing.
From Mesopotamia has come a poem dedicated to "the lord of wisdom" which treats of a righteous sufferer often called "the Babylonian Job."7 Forsaken by the whole pantheon of gods, unable to secure an omen, considered a social outcast by friends and family, deprived of property, responsibility and respect, unable to bring about change by exorcism and magic, and accepting the theological dictum that human fortunes are determined by the gods, the unfortunate individual pours out his sad tale. In this lament the sufferer refused to equate sin with suffering, and, as he rehearsed his past good deeds, reflected that man cannot really know the will of the gods, and he goes so far as to suggest that what seems pleasing to man might be judged an offense by the gods. The stubborn faith that the gods would prove themselves merciful which seems to sustain the sufferer appears only once. Ultimately, deliverance came through Marduk, the lord of wisdom, to whom the poem is dedicated. In another Babylonian poem, a satirical dialogue between master and servant, a somewhat pessimistic mood of religious skepticism prevails as the master seeks to discover some action that might have a beneficial end, only to learn from the servant that death alone is the answer.8 Still another poem, in acrostic form, deals with human misery in a polite dialogue between a sufferer and a friend.9 The advice of the friend, often poorly preserved in the existing texts, is not out of harmony with what Job's friends recommend, and the sufferer's retorts touch on issues and reveal attitudes not unlike those of Job. It is obvious that the presentation of the problem of theodicy in conversational form and the portrayal of attitudes and ideas similar to those in Job were popular in Mesopotamia, but at no point is it possible to demonstrate direct borrowing by the author of Job.10
While it cannot be proven conclusively, it is usually argued on the basis of the setting, that the story of Job is Edomitic in origin. The opening verse locates Job in Uz, which may have been anywhere between Damascus and Edom in the desert area east of Palestine.11 Job's friends may have come from southeastern Palestine.12 Attempts to date the book precisely by clues found within have not been successful and suggestions have ranged from the patriarchal to post-Exilic periods.13 It now appears that to a pre-Exilic prose story poetic dialogues were added so skillfully that the relationship between the two parts is much closer than appears on the surface.14 It is generally held that the prose prologue and epilogue, reflecting folktale style and the smoothness of a tale often repeated, circulated independently. Here the deity is known by the familiar titles Elohim and Yahweh. The dialogue portions are quite distinctive in style and content and use the terms El, Eloah, Elohim and Shaddai in reference to the deity. Some portions of the dialogue appear to be intrusive. A new figure, Elihu, is introduced without warning, accompanied by a literary style change (chs. 32-37). A hymn on wisdom interrupts a Joban soliloquy and presents ideas not in harmony with those of Job and his friends (ch. 28). It would appear that the book of Job, like so many other biblical writings, was subjected to continuing or progressive interpretation after the original writer had completed his work. Careful analysis of the text suggests that Job was probably composed during the sixth centuryl5 by a writer who utilized a well-known prose folktale, possibly of Edomitic origin, and added poetic dialogue, perhaps of his own composition.16
The following literary analysis readjusts the third cycle of speeches (chs. 22-26) in accordance with the convincing suggestion of S. Terrien.17
I. The Prologue Chs. 1:1-2:13.
a. Scene 1, on earth: 1: 1-5.
b. Scene 2, in heaven: 1: 6-12.
c. Scene 3, on earth: 1: 13-22.
d. Scene 4, in heaven: 2:1-6.
e. Scene 5, on earth: 2:7-13.
II. Dialogue Chs. 3-42.
a. First Cycle, chs. 3-14.
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b. Second Cycle, chs. 15-21.
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c. Third Cycle, chs. 22-31.
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Terrien's Reconstruction.
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d. The Elihu Interruption: chs. 32-37.
Prologue: 32:1-5.
Elihu's First Speech: 32:6-33:33.
Elihu's Second Speech: 34.
Elihu's Third Speech: 35.
Elihu's Fourth Speech: 36-37.
e. The Divine Encounter: chs. 38-42.
The Divine Summons: 38:1-3
God speaks: 38:4-40:2.
Job responds. 40:3-5.
God speaks: 40:6-41:34.
Job responds: 42:1-6.
III. Epilogue: Ch. 42:7-17.
Read the Prologue
The prologue poses the question of whether or not Job's piety and faithfulness
to God depend upon the benefits he enjoys. The only way for the heavenly
court to ascertain the answer to this query is to test Job. It should be
noted that there is no question of Job's righteousness and goodness, for
the author makes this a precondition for the story (1:1), a fact acknowledged
by God (1:8; 2:3) and not questioned by the Satan. Even after being afflicted,
Job remained righteous (1:22; 2:10). It is clear that the writer is informing
his readers that no correlation is to be made between Job's suffering and
sin, and the reader knows what Job, his wife and his three comforters cannot
possibly know: the real reason for Job's misfortunes.
The prologue may have been drawn from an ancient story of a righteous sufferer (cf. Ezek. 14:14). Whether or not the author identified himself with Job and portrayed his own unfortunate situation or whether he had in mind someone like Jeremiah through whom he proposed to deal with the universal problem of the suffering of the righteous cannot be determined for sure. What is more likely is that Job was meant to be a symbol of the nation Israel and that the shattering of Job's health and holdings represented the eclipse of Judah. That Judah was not without sin could not be denied, but there had been a Deuteronomic reform, and a genuine effort had been made to fulfill the divine will. The parallel would be clear to the people of the Exile.
Read the First Cycle
Job's opening remarks present his problem: the meaninglessness of his
present state and the belief that in his case death was preferable to suffering.
The first response by Eliphaz is a gentle argument, urging patience and
trust in God and introducing the conviction that sin and suffering are
related. Eliphaz' words rest, in part, upon an eerie nocturnal vision by
which it was revealed to him that no man could be righteous before God,
and on the basis of this he reminded Job that even the most pure fall short
of divine perfection, so vast is the gulf between the sacred and the profane.
He urged Job to turn to God in faith and submission. Job's response, calling
attention to his impossible situation and raising the question as to why
God should be so concerned with human affairs and with Job in particular,
provoked Bildad, the second friend, to a much more forceful argument. Shocked
into anger by Job's words, Bildad implied that Job's children must have
sinned and stated that, if Job were really righteous, God would deliver
him. Bildad's position was grounded in tradition.
Job's answer gets to the heart of the problem (9:15-24). He is not guilty, there is no reasonable answer, tradition notwithstanding, for his suffering; his punishment is without cause. It should be remembered that, according to the prologue, Job is right! God, he argues, makes no distinction between right and wrong and both the innocent and the guilty are destroyed. Here and elsewhere Job's presentation reflects the Exilic situation. When the destruction came, righteous and wicked suffered alike. Jeremiah's advice to make the best of the Exilic situation gives no answer to the problem of why God brought this suffering (cf. Jer. 29:4-9 and Job 9:27 ff.). A man accused cannot possibly justify himself to his accuser and Job called on God to meet in frank and fair discussion, preferably before an impartial umpire to explain why Job, the innocent one, suffered (10:1 ff.).
Zophar, the last speaker, responded with vehemence and blindly accused Job of evils deserving even greater punishment. He called for penitence. Once again echoes of the Exilic situation appear in Job's response (12:17-21), but these are so broadly stated that it is possible to interpret the words as a general rather than particularistic statement. Job continued to call for a confrontation with God.
Read the Second Cycle
Eliphaz, having abandoned the role of the understanding counselor,
attacked ad hominem, implying irreverence (15:11-13). Job rejected
the comfort of patent answers and, in words that portray national affliction
(16:11-17), argued that he had a witness in heaven to speak in his behalf
(16:19). What is meant by this claim is not clear.18 Bildad's
words contribute nothing particularly new to the discussion, but Job's
response again contains references that justify the interpretation of Job
as representing the nation (19:10-12). Job expressed belief in a go'el,
a redeemer or vindicator (19:25), whose identity is not given and who has
been the subject of much scholarly speculation. Unfortunately, the text
in this section is hopelessly corrupt and how Job may have expanded this
concept in the succeeding verses cannot be known.19 Zophar's
indignant speech reiterates theological clichés about the temporality
of the joys of the wicked and the terrors that are sure to follow. Job's
appeal to evidence is in the tradition of the wisdom school. He finds the
wicked to be happy and content, and even as they deny God they enjoy prosperity.
Read the Third Cycle
Eliphaz' accusations are, in the light of the prologue, absurd, and
his advice has become repetitious (ch. 22). Job continues to seek a confrontation
with God and to maintain innocence (23:5 ff.). According to Terrien's analysis,
Bildad's statement is contained in 25:1-6 and 26:5-14 and Job's response
is in 26:1-4 and 27:1-12. Zophar's final speech (24:18-24; 27:13-25) repeats
previous points. In a magnificent final presentation, Job summed up his
position, maintaining the injustice of his suffering and expressing his
confidence in the justice of God.
Read Ch. 28
The wisdom poem stands apart from the theme of the book and is perhaps
an ancient hymn to wisdom which some later editor inserted. The poem contends
that man is unable to find wisdom in experience or tradition and that the
only way to wisdom is through God.
Read Chs. 29-31
Job's words in these chapters form a soliloquy which ignores the earlier
dialogue and even the presence of the three friends. The nostalgic reminiscences
of better days, the inner search for any possible misdemeanor that may
have offended the deity and the insistence upon his innocence summarize
Job's position in both the prologue and the dialogues.
Read Chs. 32-37
The Elihu speeches, abruptly introduced with a brief prose statement
(32:1-5), are supposed to represent the words of a younger man. Elihu is
indignant at the failure of the older men to beat back Job's arguments,
but Eliliu is not much more effective. In part his speeches repeat earlier
arguments, but he does go beyond the earlier speakers in extolling the
divine majestic power and glory of a God so exalted that he is beyond human
comprehension and so transcendent that men like Job who are "wise
in their own conceit" are ignored (37:24).
Read Chs. 38-42:6
The theophany comes in a whirlwind so that no form of God can be discerned,
and the divine response consists of a flow of demanding questions impossible
for Job to answer, so that the gap between divine and human understanding
is emphasized. Job, awed by the manifestation and overwhelmed by the barrage
of questions, appears to be ready to drop the whole issue (40:3-5), but
God refuses to let the matter rest and again challenges Job with questions
beyond Job's comprehension. Job's response is one of submission in which
he expresses willingness to accept that which he cannot understand, recognizing
his human role as something small, insignificant and perhaps unworthy before
God. He has no further questions for the problems are too large for him.
He has one comfort, the God whom he knew only through tradition, he now
knows through personal experience.
Read the Epilogue
The blunt prose of the epilogue comes as a shock after the lofty theological
discussion of the poetic section. The author picks up the theme of the
prologue: Job has been tested and has proven that God's estimate of him
was correct, for he had not cursed God. Without further ado his health
and fortune are restored, and it is made clear that the counselors did
not know what they were talking about.
The obvious question raised in the prologue was "Will the righteous Job, once deprived of the good things of life, abandon and curse his God?" The equally obvious answer of the book is "He did not." Job's only outcry was for justice, for if rewards in this life rest on righteousness, then something was wrong in Job's case. His outcry raised a second question, "Why, if God is just and in control of life, and why, if righteousness is rewarded and wrongdoing punished, does the righteous Job suffer horrendous misfortunes?" It is clear that traditional answers were inadequate. The responses of Job's friends failed to answer the questions and ultimately God declared they were inaccurate (42:7-8). Thus neither Eliphaz' arguments that no man could achieve perfection and that the punishment was a chastening for Job's own good, nor Bildad's appeal to the tradition that suffering is rooted in human fallibility, nor Zophar's horrified response that Job's challenging the justice of his suffering was akin to blasphemy, nor Elihu's thesis that God leads man to the brink of death only to rescue him so that man might in grateful humility relate his experiences to others (33:19-33) have any foundation other than in human speculation. It seems probable, therefore, that, in addition to reflecting on the general theme of theodicy so common among ancient wisdom writers, this author was expressing his belief that theological arguments about the relationship between sin and suffering were of no avail, for it is impossible for those on earth to know (as only the reader of the prologue could know) what went on in heaven.20 Thus the book had a satirical thrust, akin to that of the Babylonian dialogue between master and servant. If the setting is the Exile, and if Job is not simply an individual but symbolizes the nation, then the writer has moved away from the explanations of suffering and the Exile of the book of Ezekiel to recommend an acceptance of that which even the inquiring Job with his quest for solutions was unable to understand.
The third question implied in the book is "What does the righteous one do in such a situation?" Obviously, it is useless to rail and demand answers. One can only submit and continue to trust, holding firm to the belief that justice will be done. At this point something of Ezekiel's dreams for the future enter, for the author implies that the suffering will end and Job (the nation?) will be restored. The presumptuousness of a demand for answers is clearly shown in Job's response to God's questionssubmission and trustand it is this attitude that the writer commends to both the individual sufferer and to the nation in exile. The predicament of the exiled people cries out for answer; Job advises trust, patience, submission and unrelenting faith that God would ultimately set matters right.
Finally, the poet has depicted Job as one whose righteousness did not rest upon material rewards, but in faith and love of God.21 Job knows, with the unshakable conviction of one who has been faithful regardless of what his friends said, that he is righteous. In this conviction he did not hesitate to challenge prevalent beliefs. His challenge is not to God but to popular theology. His faith rests upon the firm belief that somewhere there is an answer that has evaded man and can only come from God. The answer is not given but, in a sense, Job's faith is vindicated. The reasons for his condition lie beyond human comprehension so that the righteous man and the righteous nation must in moments of dark despair live in trust, or, in Habakkuk's words, "live by his faithfulness."
Read the additions under discussion
Even as Ezekiel and Job wrestled with the problems of suffering and
restoration, other Jews searched for words of hope and guidance in the
oracles of the prophets who had predicted the downfall of Israel and Judah.
Predictions of doom had been fulfilled; were there other clues that might
reveal what Yahweh had in store for his people? It is possible that Hosea's
teachings about Yahweh's grace and mercy stimulated hope, and there were
those who in the renewed study of Hosea's words added new insights and
new promises. Commentaries on the names of Hosea's children, those symbols
of Yahweh's rejection of his people (Hos. 1:4-9), were composed. One was
affixed to the verses introducing the children (Hos. 1:10-2:1), softening
their harshness by the prediction of the restoration of the united kingdom,
and the promise that the people would be recognized as "sons of the
living God." Another (2:21-23) looked to the days when Yahweh would
pity "Not-pitied," accept "Not-my-people" as his own,
would bring blessing out of Jezreel and restore the covenant relationships.
Prophecies of hope and restoration were appended to the works of other eighth century writers. The last five verses of Amos (9:11-15) envision the restoration of the Davidic kingship (represented in Jehoiachin in exile), the rebuilding of ruined cities and a bounteous future marked by peace and security. To Isaiah's doom oracles were added restoration oracles. Some additions reveal deep and intimate appreciation of Isaiah's style and may represent contributions by the prophet's disciples or school, if such a group can be postulated for the Exilic period.22 Some of Isaiah's harsh predictions are reversed as in the oracles of restoration of 4:2-6 (4:2 cf. 2:13; 4:3 cf. 2:6-8; 4:4 cf. 3:16, 17, 24; 4:6 cf. 2:12 ff.).
If, as some scholars believe, Isaiah 9:2-7 and 11:1-9 are not by Isaiah of Jerusalem, they may be from the Exilic period. The author of the first poem proclaimed that light was breaking into the darkness of the Exile. He rejoiced in the birth of a child in the royal family, perhaps the prince Zerubbabel who was to play an important role in the post-Exilic period. The exalted names given to the child express the exalted hopes of the writer. Chapter 11:1-9 portrays the ideal king who, like David, would establish the united kingdom of Israel and Judah. He envisions a time of perfect peace under a charismatic ruler of the Davidic line. These poems fit well into the Exilic period when dreams were dreamed of an ideal future, an ideal Davidic kingship and future glory for the Jews.
Some additions to Isaiah recognized the threatening power of the Median empire on Babylon's eastern flank and anticipated the fall of the Babylonian kingdom (Isaiah 13-14; 21). Other oracles commented on the fall of Moab (15-16), overcome by some unnamed disaster which could have been anything from attacks by desert tribes23 to an invasion by Babylonians.24 Some passages employ vivid imagery in visualizing punishment for the enemy and rise to sublime heights in idealizing the future (chs. 34-35). Additions to Isaiah were not all made at one time. Chapters 34 and 35 are so close in parts to Deutero-Isaiah, in both style and content, that some scholars have proposed that they should be included in that work.
At least one Exilic poem exalting the restored Zion was added to two prophetic collections and appears in Isaiah 2:2-4 and Micah 4:1-3. Other additions to Micah prophesy the regrouping of the scattered people (2:12-13), the coming of a messianic leader like David (5:2-4, 7) and Yahweh's forgiveness of his people (7:8-20). More recent prophetic pronouncements were also studied. An addition predicting restoration was added to Jeremiah's oracles (Jer. 3:15-18) in which the fact that the ark of the covenant was forever lost is apparent. One composite appendage (Jer. 10:1-16), parts of which are similar in style and content to Deutero-Isaiah, warns against forsaking Yahweh for idols made by artisans. The myth of the return of David which later becomes a basis for messianism is found in an eschatological oracle (30:8-9). Other restoration sayings appear in 31:7-14. An oracle on the fall of Moab, not unlike that found in the additions to Isaiah, may be from the Exile (ch. 48), and other pronouncements of punishment on foreign nations appear to be from the same period (49-51:58).
The Deuteronomic history concludes with the release of Jehoiachin and his family from prison by Amel-Marduk, Nebuchadrezzar's successor, probably about 651 (II Kings 25:27-30). As they contemplated the future, the Deuteronomists echoed the hope previously expressed by Jeremiah and Ezekiel: that the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple would not nullify the divine promise to David of an eternal kingship (II Sam. 7:8-16). The promise is reiterated in Yahweh's address to Solomon in terms that clearly reflect the Exilic setting (I Kings 9:3-9).
In evaluating the past, the Deuteronomists drew upon the Deuteronomic code. The holy war concept of Joshua rests on Deut. 6:19; 7:1 ff. The theological framework of Judges reflects the Deuteronomic conviction that disobedience to Yahweh resulted in disaster while obedience guaranteed blessing. Judgment was passed on the rulers of Israel and Judah in the light of Judaean theology and adherence to the Deuteronomic code. Northern kings were automatically condemned because the establishment of Yahweh shrines at Dan and Bethel violated the law of the central shrine. Southern monarchs were judged on their efforts to eradicate Ba'alism and their adherence to the Deuteronomic code, which most of them had never known.
From time to time some hint of the Deuteronomists' hopes for the future can be discerned: the Exodus from Egypt foreshadowed a new exodus from Babylon, and Yahweh's gracious response to the outcries of his disobedient people in the period of the Judges gave hope that the deity would once again respond to his people's prayers (Deut. 29-30). The emphasis on courage in the face of great odds (Deut. 7:17 ff.) could only have strengthened Jewish faith in the future. Finally, the fact that the Davidic line was still represented in Jehoiachin, who was receiving royal recognition in Babylon, may well have fed Jewish hopes, despite the condemnation of II Kings 24:9.
In addition to completing the history of the nations, Deuteronomic editors made additions to the work of Jeremiah. Some portions of Jeremiah are so expressive of the theology of D that they can be recognized as units added by Deuteronomists. For example, Jer. 5:18-19 reflects the Exilic setting and the D interpretation of history, and the same can be said for 16:10-13 and 22:8-9. It is clear from these additions and from the closing verses in II Kings 25 that the literary activity of the D writers was not terminated by the fall of Jerusalem, and many scholars have suggested that the Deuteronomic history underwent its final revision during the Exile and assumed a form approximating that which we have today.
Read Lev. 17-26
During this period of creative productivity, another body of writings,
cultic and ethical in nature, took form as the so-called Holiness or H
code of Leviticus 17-26. This material takes its title from the repeated
emphasis on Yahweh's holiness, best summarized in Lev. 19:2: "You
shall be holy, for I, Yahweh your god, am holy" (see also 20:7, 8,
26; 21:6, 8, 15, 23; 22:9, 16, 32, and implications elsewhere).
Parallels in language, style and content to Ezekiel (cf. Lev. 17:15 with Ezek. 44:31; Lev. 18:8 and 20:11 with Ezek. 22:10, etc.) and the presupposition in Lev. 17:1-9 of the central shrine called for in Deuteronomy, have led many scholars to place H in the Exile, close to the time when Ezekiel was written. Much of the material may have come from an earlier date, but the editing reflects the Exilic period. In its present form, the code parallels Deuteronomy in the hortatory tone that creeps in from time to time (cf. 19:33 f.), and like Deuteronomy, H is said to have been given by Yahweh to Moses at Sinai, and the closing has the familiar pattern of blessings and curses.
The code is concerned with ritual purity for laity and priests. If Israel was to be the people of Yahweh, care had to be taken not to violate Yahweh's holiness. Numerous apodictic laws and some casuistic rulings seem to be loosely strung together, and despite attempts to isolate small collections or units, no real pattern of sources has been found. The contents are as follows:
Another collection of writings, largely cultic in emphasis, was also begun during the Exile. Drawing upon ancient priestly lore, possibly contained in written sources brought to Babylon by priests but more probably stored in the memories of those who had been responsible for rituals and tradition, and colored to some degree by the Babylonian setting, these materials were compiled over a long period of time and were ultimately added to the other materials represented by J, E, D and H, partially, no doubt, as a continuing interpretation of the history of the people and the meaning of that history. Because the final compilation was not completed until after the Exile, the discussion of this material will be reserved until later.
Endnotes
Old Testament Life and Literature is copyright © 1968, 1997
by Gerald A. Larue. All rights reserved.
The electronic version is copyright © 1997 by Internet Infidels with
the written permission of Gerald A. Larue.
Any accurate translation of the Bible may be used with this text, including The King James Version, The English Revised Version, The American Standard Version. Because of the advancement made during the past half century in language and word studies, and because of the new understanding of biblical language gained from the discovery of ancient manuscripts, a modern translation is recommended, such as The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Version, The New Jewish Version, and The Revised Standard Version. Of particular value is The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, H. G. May and B. M. Metzger, eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), which includes useful notes, brief essays, chronological tables and maps.
Alleman, Herbert C., and Elmer E. Flack, eds., Old Testament Commentary. Philadelphia: The Muhlenberg Press, 1948.
Clarke, W. K. L., Concise Bible Commentary. New York: Macmillan, 1953.
Dummelow, J. R., ed., A Commentary on the Holy Bible. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1909.
Neil, William, Harper's Bible Commentary. New York: Harper and Row, 1963.
Orchard, B., E. F. Sutcliffe and R. Russell, eds., A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1953.
Peake's Commentary on the Bible, rev. ed., M. Black and H. H. Rowley, eds. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962.
The Anchor Bible, W. F. Albright, D. N. Freedman, eds. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1964 on. An interfaith and international series, semi-technical in structure.
Epworth Preacher's Commentaries, G. P. Lewis, N. H. Snaith, S. C. Thexton, et. al., eds. London: The Epworth Press.
The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. This highly technical series has been in production for over half a century.
The Interpreter's Bible, G. A. Buttrick, et al., eds., 12 vols. New York: Abingdon Press, 1952 on. Although important comments often appear in the homiletic expositions (bottom portions of the commentary), students should concentrate on the "Introductions" to the biblical books and the exegesis (upper portions of the commentary). The introductory articles in Vol. I are of immense value.
Soncino Books of the Bible, A. Cohen, ed. London: Soncino Press, 1945-1952, 14 vols.
Torch Bible Commentaries, J. Marsh and C. A. Richardson, eds. London: S.C.M. Press. This series is designed for the "general reader."
Corswant, W., A Dictionary of Life in Bible Times, A. Heathcote, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960.
Dictionary of the Bible, James Hasting, ed., revised by F. C. Grant and H. H. Rowley. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1963.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Bible, Louis F. Hartman, ed. and trans. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1963.
Horn, Siegfried H., Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Dictionary. Washington: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1960.
The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4 vols., G. Buttrick, et al., eds. New York: Abingdon Press, 1962. This is the most recent comprehensive dictionary and is an indispensable tool.
Miller, Madeline S. and J. Lane Miller, et. al., Harper's Bible Dictionary.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952.
The New Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1962.
Atlas of the Bible Lands. Maplewood, New Jersey: C. S. Hammond and Company, 1959.
Grollenberg, L. H., Atlas of the Bible, J. Reid and H. H. Rowley, trans. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1956.
Kraeling, Emil G., Rand McNally Bible Atlas. New York: Rand McNally & Company, 1956.
May, Herbert G., Oxford Bible Atlas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964.
The Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible, rev. ed., G. Ernest Wright and Floyd V. Filson, eds. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1956.
The Ancient Near East: an Anthology of Texts and Pictures, J. B. Pritchard, ed. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1965. A paperback summary of the two following volumes.
The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament, J. B. Pritchard, ed. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1954.
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 2nd ed., J. B. Pritchard, ed. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1955.
Documents from Old Testament Times, D. Winton Thomas, ed. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1958. (Also in a Harper Torchbook paperback.)
As research in biblical studies continues, new insights are developed into Old Testament religion, theology, culture, history and literature and the results of scholarly investigations usually appear first in the publications listed below. Those marked with a single asterisk (*) tend to be technical and those with a double asterisk (**) highly specialized and technical. Nevertheless, students with synagogue training in Hebrew can usually grasp the import of articles employing occasional Hebrew terms, and those with high school or college backgrounds in French or German can usually comprehend articles written in these languages. All of the journals listed contain items in English.
American Journal of Archaeology contains information on archaeological research in all parts of the world including the Near East, and in addition to excavation reports publishes special studies of artifacts, inscriptions, and facets of culture.
Archaeology (magazine) appears in a popular format with accurate, clearly written articles on facets of archaeology, including the Near East.
The Biblical Archaeologist publishes articles on archaeology directly related to biblical studies.
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research contains semi-technical articles on archaeological research in the Near East.
Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society reports on archaeological research in Israel.
The Catholic Biblical Quarterly contains articles on various aspects of biblical study.
Hebrew Union College Annual nearly always carries articles pertaining to the Old Testament. Some articles are technical.
Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology tends to publish articles that are hermeneutic rather than technical.
Israel Exploration Journal contains articles in Hebrew and English on archaeological research in Israel.
Jewish Quarterly Review usually contains articles on the Bible.
**Journal of the American Oriental Society publishes material on the Near and Far East which is often highly specialized, but also publishes less technical items that are of great value.
Journal of Bible and Religion which is now published under the title Journal of the American Academy of Religion often publishes helpful articles on the Bible.
*Journal of Biblical Literature tends toward technical articles but often contains valuable non-technical materials.
*Journal of Near Eastern Studies includes articles on history, archaeology, art, religion and textual-linguistic studies which pertain to the Bible and the ancient Near East. Some items are highly specialized.
Journal of Religion often contains useful non-technical articles on the Bible.
Palestine Exploration Quarterly contains articles on Palestinian archaeology.
Revue Biblique usually publishes articles in French, but often contains essays in English.
*Vetus Testamentum often publishes highly technical articles, but also contains material that is broader and less specialized. Articles appear in French, German and English.
*Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft publishes most articles in German, but also includes essays in French and English. Articles appearing in ZA W tend to be technical.
An asterisk (*) indicates a technical work.
Anderson, Bernhard W., Understanding the Old Testament, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966.
Anderson, George Wishart, A Critical Introduction to the Old Testament. London: G. Duckworth, 1959.
*Bentzen, Aage, Introduction to the Old Testament, 2 vols. in 1. Copenhagen: G.E.C. Gad, 1952.
Bewer, Julius, The Literature of the Old Testament, rev. by Emil G. Kraeling, 3rd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
Buck, Harry M., People of the Lord. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Charlier, C., The Christian Approach to the Bible, H. J. Richards and B. Peters, trans. Westminster: Newman Press, 1958.
Cook, Stanley, An Introduction to the Bible. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1945.
Davidson, Robert F., The Old Testament. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1964.
*Driver, S. R., Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, rev. ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913.
*Eissfeldt. Otto, The Old Testament: An Introduction, Peter R. Ackroyd, trans. New York: Harper and Row, 1965.
Ellis, Peter F., The Men and the Message of the Old Testament. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1962.
Flanders, H. K., R. W. Crapps and D. A. Smith, People of the Covenant: An Introduction to the Old Testament. New York: Ronald Press, 1963.
Gordon, Cyrus H., Introduction to Old Testament Times. New Jersey: Ventnor Publishers, Inc., 1953.
Gottwald, Norman, A Light to the Nations. New York: Harper and Row, 1959.
Harrelson, Walter, Interpreting the Old Testament. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1964.
Kuhl, Curt, The Old Testament: Its Origins and Composition, C. T. M. Herriott, trans. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1961.
McKenzie, John L., The Two-Edged Sword. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1960.
Moriarty, Frederick L., Introducing the Old Testament. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1960.
Napier, B. Davie, The Song of the Vineyard. New York: Harper and Row, 1962.
Oesterley, W. O. E., and T. H. Robinson, An Introduction to the Books of the Old Testament. (A Meridian paperback, 1958.)
*Pfeiffer, Robert H., Introduction to the Old Testament, rev. ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1949. The abridged paperback version is titled: The Books of the Old Testament.
Sandmel, Samuel, The Hebrew Scriptures: An Introduction to their Literature and Religious Ideas. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.
Tos, Aldo J., Approaches to the Bible: The Old Testament. New JerseyPrentice-Hall, 1963.
Tricot, A., and A. Roberts, eds., Guide to the Bible, I-II, E. P. Arbez and M. R. P. McGuire, trans. New York: Desclee, 1960.
Weiser, Artur, The Old Testament: Its Formation and Development, D. M. Barton, trans. New York: Association Press, 1961.
Young, Edward J., An Introduction to the Old Testament, rev. ed. London: Tyndale Press, 1960.
Ahern, Barnabus, New Horizons in Biblical Theology. Notre Dame, Indiana: Fides Publishers, Inc., 1964.
Balthasar, H. Urs von, Word and Revelation: Essays in Theology I. New York: Herder and Herder, 1964.
Bentzen, Aage, King and Messiah. London: Lutterworth Press, 1955.
Burrows, Millar, An Outline of Biblical Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1946.
Daube, David, The Exodus Pattern in the Bible. London: Faber and Faber, 1963.
Dentan, Robert Claude, Preface to Old Testament Theology. New York: Seabury Press, 1963.
DeVaux, Roland, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions, J. McHugh, trans. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961.
Eichrodt, Walther, Theology of the Old Testament I, J. A. Baker, trans. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961.
Eerdmans, B. D., The Religion of Israel. Leiden: Universitaire pers Leiden, 1947.
Ferré, Nels F. S., "Notes By a Theologian on Biblical Hermeneutics," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXVIII (1959), 105-114.
Finegan, Jack, Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
Gaster, T. H., Passover; its History and Tradition. New York: Henry Schuman, 1949.
Gelin, Albert, The Religion of Israel, Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism, J. R. Foster, trans. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1959.
Gleason, Robert W., Yahweh, The God of the Old Testament. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1964.
Glueck, N., Hesed in the Bible, A. Gottschalk, trans. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1967.
Heaton, Eric W., Everyday Life in Old Testament Times. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1956.
Heinisch, P., Theology of the Old Testament, William Heidt, trans. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1952.
Herbert, A., Worship in Ancient Israel. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1959.
Hopkins, Martin K., God's Kingdom in the Old Testament. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1964.
Irwin, W. A., The Old Testament: Keystone of Human Culture. New York: Henry Schuman, 1952.
Jacob, Edmond, Theology of the Old Testament, A. W. Heathcote and P. J. Allcock, trans. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958.
Jocz, Jacob, A Theology of Election. New York: Macmillan, 1958.
Kaufmann, Yeliezkel, The Religion of Israel, Moshe Greenberg, trans. and abridger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
Key, Andrew F., "The Concept of Death in Early Israelite Religion," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXXII (1964), 239-247.
Knight, George A. F., A Christian Theology of the Old Testament. London: S.C.M. Press, 1959.
Kbhler, Ludwig, Old Testament Theology, A. S. Todd, trans. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1958.
Kraus, H. J., The People of God in the Old Testament. New York: Association Press, 1958.
McAllister, Allan R., "Hebrew Language and Israelite Faith," Interpretation, XIV (1960),421-432.
Mendenhall, G. E., Law and Covenant in Israel & the Ancient Near East. Pittsburgh: Biblical Colloquium, 1955.
Morgenstern, Julian, The Fire upon the Altar. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1963.
Muilenburg, James, "The Biblical View of Time," Harvard Theological Review, LIV (1961), 225-252.
,The Way of Israel. New York: Harper and Row, 1961.
, "The History of the Religion of Israel," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 292-348.
Oesterley, W. O. E., and T. H. Robinson, Hebrew Religion, Its Origin and Development. London: Society for the Publication of Christian Knowledge,1937.
Oesterreicher, John M., The Israel of God. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
Pedersen, Johs, Israel, Its Life and Culture. Copenhagen: Povl Branner, 1946. Four volumes in two, I-II, III-IV.
Rad, Gerhard von, "The Origin of the Concept of the Day of Yahweh," Journal of Semitic Studies, IV (1959), 97-108.
, Old Testament Theology, D. M. G. Stalker, trans. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962 (Vol. I) , 1966 (Vol. II) .
Renckens, Henry, The Religion of Israel, N. B. Smith, trans. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1966.
Robinson, H. W., The Religious Ideas of the Old Testament. London: G. Duckworth (1959) . First published in 1913.
, ed. Record and Revelation. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1938.
, Inspiration and Revelation in the Old Testament. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1946. (Now in an Oxford paperback.)
Rowley, H. H., The Rediscovery of the Old Testament. London: James Clarke & Co., Ltd., 1945.
, The Biblical Doctrine of Election. London: Lutterworth Press, 1950.
Sales, R. H., "Human Sacrifice in Biblical Thought," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXV (1955), 112-217.
Segal, J. B., The Hebrew Passover From the Earliest Times to A.D. 70, London Oriental Series, 12. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
Snaith, Norman, Distinctive Ideas of the Old Testament. London: Epworth Press, 1947. (Now in a Shocken paperback.)
Teeple, Howard M., "Notes on Theologians' Approach to the Bible," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIX (1960), 164-166.
Young, Edward Joseph, The Study of Old Testament Theology Today. Westwood, New Jersey: F. H. Revell Co., 1959.
Vriezen, Thomas C., An Outline of Old Testament Theology, S. Neuijen, trans. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958.
Wright, G. Ernest, God Who Acts, Studies in Biblical Theology 8. London: S.C.M. Press, 1952.
, ed., The Bible and the Ancient Near East. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1961. (Anchor paperback edition, 1965.)
,"The Faith of Israel," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 349-389.
Abba, Raymond, The Nature and Authority of the Bible. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1959.
Barth, Karl, The Word of God and the Word of Man, Douglas Horton, trans. New York: Harper and Brothers (1957), chs. 2-3. (Paperback.)
Beegle, Dewey M., The Inspiration of Scripture. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963.
Bender, Harold Stauffer, Biblical Revelation and Inspiration. Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Mennonite Publishing House, 1959.
Blackman, E. C., Biblical Interpretation. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1959.
Bright, John, The Authority of the Old Testament. New York: Abingdon Press, 1967.
Burnby, John, Is the Bible Inspired? London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1949.
Daniel-Rops, Henri, What is the Bible?, J. R. Foster, trans. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1959.
Dodd, C. H., The Authority of the Bible. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1929. (Harper Torchbook edition, 1958.)
, The Bible Today. New York: Macmillan, 1947.
Farmer, Herbert H., "The Bible: Its Significance and Authority," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 3-31.
Hebert, Arthur Gabriel, The Authority of the Old Testament. London: Faber and Faber, 1947.
McKenzie, John L., "The Social Character of Inspiration," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXIV (1962), 115-124.
, ed., The Bible in Current Catholic Thought. New York: Herder and Herder, 1962.
Moran, Gabriel, Scripture and Tradition. New York: Herder and Herder, 1963.
Mowinckel, S., The Old Testament as the Word of God, R. B. Bjornard, trans. New York: Abingdon Press, 1959.
Preus, Robert, The Inspiration of Scripture, a Study of the Theology of the 17th Century Lutheran Dogmaticians. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1957.
Reid, J. K. S., The Authority of Scripture. New York: Harper and Row, 1958.
Richardson, A., A Preface to Bible Study. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1944.
Robinson, H. W., Inspiration and Revelation in the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.
Snaith, Norman H., The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible. London: Epworth Press, 1956.
Tasker, R. V. G., The Old Testament in the New Testament. London: S.C.M. Press, 1954.
Warfield, B. B., The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible. Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1948.
Wilkinson, John T., Principles of Biblical Interpretation. London: Epworth Press, 1960.
Young, Edward J., Thy Word Is Truth. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans 1957.
Bright, John, "Modern Study of Old Testament Literature," The Bible and The Ancient Near East, G. E. Wright, ed. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1961, pp. 1-26. (Anchor paperback edition, 1965.)
Coppens, J., The Old Testament and the Critics, E. A. Ryan and E. W. Tribbe, trans. Paterson, N.J.: Guild Press, 1942.
Grant, F. C., ed. and trans., Form Criticism. New York: Willett, Clark & Co., 1934.
Grant, Robert M., "The History of the Interpretation of the Bible: Ancient Period," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 106-114.
Grobel, K., "Form Criticism," Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible.
Hahn, H. F., Old Testament in Modern Research. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1954.
Kraeling, Emil G., The Old Testament since the Reformation. New York: Harper and Row, 1955.
McNeill, John T., "The History of the Interpretation of the Bible: Medieval and Reformation Period," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 115-126.
Rowley, H. H., ed., The Old Testament and Modern Study. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1951. (Now in an Oxford paperback, 1961.)
Steinmann, Jean, Biblical Criticism, Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism, Vol. 63, Sect. VI, J. R. Foster, trans. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1959.
Terrien, Samuel, "The History of the Interpretation of the Bible: Modern Period," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 127-141.
Westermann, Claus, ed., Essays on Old Testament Hermeneutics, J. L. Mays, English ed. and trans. Richmond, Va.: John Knox Press, 1963.
Albright, W. F., The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra. Pittsburgh: Biblical Colloquium, 1950. (Now in a Harper paperback, 1963.)
, "The Old Testament World," The Interpreter's Bible, I. New York: Abingdon Press, 1952, 233-271.
Bright, John, Early Israel in Recent History Writing. Studies in Biblical Theology, No. 19. London: S.C.M. Press, 1956.
, The History of Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1959.
Daniel-Rops, Henri, Israel and the Ancient World (originally Sacred History). Garden City, New York: Doubleday Image Books, 1964.
Dentan, Robert Claude, The Idea of History in the Ancient Near East, American Oriental Series. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
Ehrlich, Ernst L., A Concise History of Israel, J. Barr, trans. New York: Harper and Row, 1965. (Paperback.)
Finegan, Jack, Light From the Ancient Past, 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959.
Guthrie, H. H., God and History in the Old Testament. London: S.P.C.K., 1961.
Heinisch, Paul, History of the Old Testament, W. Heidt, trans. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1952.
McKenzie, R. A., Faith and History in the Old Testament. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
Mendenhall, George E., "Biblical History in Transition," The Bible and The Ancient Near East, G. E. Wright, ed. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1961, pp. 27-58. (Anchor paperback edition, 1965.)
Mould, Elmer W. K., Essentials of Bible History, rev. by H. Neil Richardson and Robert F. Berkey. New York: Ronald Press, 1966.
Neher, A. and R., Histoire Biblique du Peuple d'Israël, I-II. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1962.
North, Christopher R., The Old Testament Interpretation of History. London: Epworth Press, 1946.
Noth, Martin, The History of Israel, S. Godman, trans., rev. by P. R. Ackroyd, 2nd ed. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1960.
Orlinsky, Harry M., Ancient Israel. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1964. (Paperback.)
Ricciotti, Giuseppe, The History of Israel, C. Della Penta and R. T. A. Murphy, trans., 2nd ed., 2 vols. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1958.
Robinson, H. Wheeler, The History of Israel, Studies in Theology, 42. London: Duckworth Press, 1957.
Robinson, Theodore H., "The History of Israel," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 272-291.
Soggins, J. Alberto, "Ancient Biblical Traditions and Modern Archaeological Discoveries," Biblical Archaeologist, XXIII (1960), 95-100.
Speiser, E. A., "The Biblical Idea of History in Its Common Near Eastern Setting," Israel Exploration Journal, VI (1957), 201-216.
Wellhausen, Julius, Prolegomena to the History of Israel. New York: Meridian Library, 1957.
Wright, G. Ernest, The Old Testament Against Its Environment, Studies in Biblical Theology, 2. London: S.C.M. Press, 1950.
, "The Last Thousand Years Before Christ," The National Geographical Magazine, CXVIII (Dec., 1960), 812-853.
Barr, James, "The Meaning of 'Mythology' in Relation to the Old Testament," Vetus Testamentum, IX (1959), 1-10.
Campbell, Joseph, The Hero with a Thousand Faces. (A Meridian Paperback, 1956.)
Childs, Brevard S., Myth and Reality in the Old Testament, Studies in Biblical Theology, 27. London: S.C.M. Press, 1960.
Davies, G. H., "An Approach to the Problem of Old Testament Mythology," Palestine Exploration Quarterly. London: Office of the Fund, 1956, 83-91.
Driver, G. R., Canaanite Myths and Legends, Old Testament Studies, III. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1956.
Eliade, Mircea, Cosmos and History, W. R. Trask, trans. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959. (A Harper Torchbook.) First published by Pantheon Books, 1954.
, The Sacred and the Profane, W. R. Trask, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1959.
, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, W. R. Trask, trans. New York: Harper and Row, 1965. (A Harper Torchbook.) First published as Birth and Rebirth, 1958.
Frankfort, H. and H. A., et al., Before Philosophy. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1959.
Gaster, T. H., Thespis; Ritual, Myth and Drama in the Ancient Near East. New York: Henry Schuman, 1950. (Also available in Doubleday paperback.)
, "The Religion of the Canaanites," Forgotten Religions, V. Ferm, ed. New York: The Philosophical Library, 1950, 113-143.
, The Oldest Stories in the World. New York: Viking Press, 1952. (Republished as a Beacon paperback, 1958.)
Gordon, Cyrus H., The Loves and Wars of Baal and Anat, and other Poems from Ugarit. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943.
, Ugaritic Literature. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1949.
Gray, John, The Legacy of Canaan. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1957.
, The Canaanites. New York: Praeger, 1964.
, The KRT Text in the Literature of Ras Shamra, Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.
Gunkel, H., The Legends of Genesis. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1901, and New York: Schocken Books, 1964.
Habel, Norman C., Yahweh versus Baal; A Conflict of Religious Cultures. New York: Bookman Associates, 1964.
Heidel, A., The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946. (Republished as a Phoenix paperback, 1963.)
Hooke, S. H., The Labyrinth. London: S.P.C.K., 1935.
, The Origins of Early Semitic Ritual, The Schweich Lectures, 1935. London: Oxford University Press, 1938.
, Myth, Ritual, and Kingship. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
, Middle Eastern Mythology. Baltimore: Penguin Books, Inc., 1963.
Jack, J. W., The Ras Shamra Tablets, Their Bearing on the Old Testament, Old Testament Studies, No. 1. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1935.
James, E. O., The Nature and Function of the Priesthood. New York: Vanguard Press, 1955.
, The Ancient Gods. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960.
, Seasonal Feasts and Festivals. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1961.
, Sacrifice and Sacrament. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1962.
Jung, C. J., and C. Kerenyi, Essays on a Science of Mythology, R. F. C. Hull, trans. New York: Harper and Row, 1963.
Kapelrud, Arvid S., Ba'al in the Ras Shamra Texts. Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gadd, 1952.
, The Ras Shamra Discoveries and the Old Testament, G. W. Anderson, trans. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
Kramer, S. N., ed., Mythologies of the Ancient World. Chicago: Quadrangle Press, 1961. (Also published as a Doubleday Anchor paperback.)
Loew, Cornelius, Myth, Sacred History and Philosophy. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1967.
May, H. G., "Pattern and Myth in the Old Testament," The Journal of Religion, XXI (1941), 285-299.
McKenzie, John L., "Myth and the Old Testament," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXI (1959), 265-282.
, Myths and Realities: Studies in Biblical Theology. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1963.
Murray, Henry A., ed., Myth and Mythmaking. New York: George Braziller, 1960.
Obermann, Julian, Ugaritic Mythology. A Study of Its Leading Motifs. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948.
östborn, Gunnar, Yahweh and Baal. Lund: Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 1956.
Raglan, Lord, The Hero. New York: Vintage Paperback, 1956.
Rank, Otto, The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. Vintage Paperback, 1959.
Toombs, Lawrence E., "The Formation of Myth Patterns in the Old Testament," The Journal of Bible and Religion, XXIX (1961), 108-112.
Van der Leeuw, G., Religion in Essence and Manifestation, J. E. Turner, trans., 2 vols. London: Allen and Unwin, 1938. (Reprinted as a Harper Torchbook, 1963.)
Gevirtz, S., Patterns in the Early Poetry of Israel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963. (Paperback.)
Gray, G. B., The Forms of Hebrew Poetry. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1915.
Hahn, Herbert F., "Form Criticism and the Old Testament," in Old Testament in Modern Research. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1966.
Irwin, William A., "The Literature of the Old Testament," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 175-184.
Nielsen, E., Oral Tradition. London: S.C.M. Press, 1954.
Robinson, Theodore H., The Poetry of the Old Testament. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1947.
, The Poetry of the Old Testament. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1952.
Abba, R., "The Divine Name Yahweh," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXX (1961), 320-328.
Albright, W. F., "The Names Shaddai and Abram," Journal of Biblical Literature, LIV (1935), 180 ff.
Bowman, R., "Yahweh, the Speaker," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, III (1944), 2-8.
Driver, G. R., "The Evidence for the Name 'Yahweh' Outside the Old Testament," Old Testament Essays. London: Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd., 1927.
Gray, John, "The God Yw in the Religion of Canaan," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XII (1953), 278-283.
Reisel, M., The Mysterious Name of Y.H.W.H. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1957.
Carpenter, J. Estlin, and George Harford, The Composition of the Hexateuch. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1902.
Cassuto, Umberto, The Documentary Hypothesis and the Composition of the Pentateuch: Eight Lectures. Israel Abrahams, trans. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1962.
Falk, Ze'ev W., Hebrew Law in Biblical Times. Jerusalem: Wahrmann Books, 1964.
North, Christopher R., "Pentateuchal Criticism," The Old Testament and Modern Study, H. H. Rowley, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951.
Noth, Martin, The Laws in the Pentateuch and Other Studies, D. R. Ap-Thomas, trans. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1966.
östborn, Gunnar, Tora in the Old Testament. Lund: Hâkan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, 1945.
Rad, Gerhard von, The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, E. W. T. Dicken, trans. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1966.
Simpson, Cuthbert A., The Early Traditions of Israel. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1948.
, "The Growth of the Hexateuch," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 185-200.
Winnett, F. V., The Mosaic Tradition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1949.
Bentzen, A., Introduction to the Old Testament. Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, II (1958), 76 ff.
Buss, Martin J., "The Meaning of 'Cult' and the Interpretation of the Old Testament," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXXII (1964), 317-325.
Herbert, A. S., Worship in Ancient Israel. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1959.
Hooke, S. H., The Siege Perilous. London: S.C.M. Press, 1956.
Lohmeyer, E., Lord of the Temple, S, Todd, trans. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1961, 1-23.
Pedersen, Jobs, "Canaanite and Israelite Cultus," Acta Orientalia, XVIII (1939), 1-14.
, Israel, Its Life and Culture, III-IV. Copenhagen: Povl Branner, 1940, 725-745.
Rist, M., "The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob: A Liturgical and Magical Formula," Journal of Biblical Literature, LVII (1938), 289-303.
Wright, G. E., "Cult and History," Interpretation, XVI (1962), 3-20.
Albright, W. F., The Archaeology of Palestine and the Bible. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1932.
, Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1946.
, From the Stone Age to Christianity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1942. (2nd ed. in paperback, an Anchor book, 1957.)
, The Archaeology of Palestine. Baltimore: Penguin Books, Inc., 1960.
Anati, Emmanuel, Palestine Before the Hebrews, A History From the Earliest Arrival of Man to the Conquest of Canaan. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963.
Barton, George A., Archaeology and the Bible, 6th ed. Philadelphia: American Sunday School Union, 1946.
Burrows, M., What Mean These Stones? New York: Meridian Books, 1957. (A paperback reprint of the 1941 edition.)
Clark, Grahame, Archaeology and Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956.
Franken, Hendricus Jacobus, A Primer of Old Testament Archaeology. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1963.
Gray, John, Archaeology and the Old Testament World. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962. (Now in a Harper paperback.)
Kenyon, K., Digging Up Jericho. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957.
, Archaeology in the Holy Land. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1960. (Now in paperback.)
Pfeiffer, C. F., ed., The Biblical World. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1966.
Pritchard, James B., Archaeology and the Old Testament. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958.
Williams, Walter G., Archaeology in Biblical Research. New York: Abingdon Press, 1965.
Wiseman, D. J., Illustrations from Biblical Archaeology. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 1958.
Wright, G. Ernest, "Archaeology and Old Testament Studies," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXVII (1958), 39-51.
, "The Archaeology of Palestine," The Bible and the Ancient Near East, G. E. Wright, ed. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1961, pp. 85-138. (Anchor paperback edition, 1965.)
, Biblical Archaeology, rev. ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962.
, Shechem, The Biography of a Biblical City. New York: McGrawHill Book Co., 1965.
Woolley, Sir Leonard, Ur of the Chaldees. Baltimore: Penguin Books, Inc., 1950.
Baly, Denis, The Geography of the Bible. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957.
, Palestine and the Bible. London: Lutterworth Press, 1960. (Paperback.)
, Geographical Companion to the Bible. London: Lutterworth Press, 1963.
Orni, Efram, and Elisha Efrat, Geography of Israel, 2nd ed. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1966.
Albright, William F., "The Old Testament World," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 233-271.
Astour, Michael C., "New Evidence on the Last Days of Ugarit," American Journal of Archaeology, 69 (1965), 253-258.
Baumgartel, E. J., The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.
Ceram, C. W., The Secret of the Hittites. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956.
Daniel, Glyn, The Idea of Prehistory. New York: World Publishing Co., 1963.
Engnell, I., Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near East. Uppsala: Appelbergs Boktryckeriaktiebolag, 1953.
Fairservis, Walter A., The Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile. New York: The New American Library, 1962. (A Mentor paperback.)
Frankfort, Henri, Ancient Egyptian Religion. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948. (Harper Torchbook edition, 1961.)
, The Birth of Civilization in the Ancient Near East. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, n.d.
Gurney, O. R., The Hittites. Baltimore: A Penguin Book, 1954. (Paperback.)
Guterbock, H., "The Hittite Conquest of Cyprus Reconsidered," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XXVI (1967), 73-81.
Harden, Donald, The Phoenicians, Ancient People and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1963.
Hayes, William C., "Most Ancient Egypt," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XXIII (1964), 74-114, 145-192, 217-274.
Kenyon, Kathleen, Amorites and Canaanites, The Schweich Lectures, 1963. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Kramer, S. N., The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
Jacobsen, Thorkild, "Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, II (1943), 159-172.
Kassis, Hanna E., "Gath and the Structure of the 'Philistine' Society," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIV (1965), 259-271.
Lloyd, Seton, The Art of the Ancient Near East. London: Thames and Hudson, 1961. (Praeger paperback edition, 1965.)
Montet, Pierre, Eternal Egypt, Doreen Weightman, trans. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964.
Moscati, Sabatino, Ancient Semitic Civilizations. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1958.
, The Face of the Ancient Orient. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1960. (Also available as an Anchor paperback.)
Murray, Margaret A., The Splendor That Was Egypt. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1963.
Piggot, Stuart, ed., The Dawn of Civilization. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961.
Rahtien, Bruce D., "Philistine and Hebrew Amphictyonies," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XXIV (I 965), 100-104.
Steindorff, G., and K. C. Seele, When Egypt Ruled the East. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.
Van Zyl, A. H., The Moabites, Pretoria Oriental Series, III. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960.
Wright, G. E., "Philistine Coffins and Mercenaries," Biblical Archaeologist, XXII (1959), 54-66.
, "Fresh Evidence for the Philistine Story," Biblical Archaeologist, XXIX (1966), 70-86.
Yadin, Y., The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1963.
Astour, Michael C., "The Origin of the Terms 'Canaan,' 'Phoenician,' and 'Purple,'" Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XXIV (1965), 346-350.
Campbell, E. F., "The Amarna Letters and the Amarna Period," The Biblical Archaeologist, XXIII (1960), 15.
Danell, G. A., Studies in the Name Israel in the Old Testament. Upsala: Appelbergs Boktryckeriaktiebolag, 1946.
Glueck, N., "The Age of Abraham in the Negeb," The Biblical Archaeologist, XVIII (1955), 2-9.
, Rivers in the Desert. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1959.
Gordon, C. H., "The Patriarchal Age," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXI (1953) , 238-243.
, "The Patriarchal Narratives," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XIII (1954) , 56-59.
, "Hebrew Origins in the Light of Recent Discoveries," Biblical and Other Studies, A. Altmann, ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.
Gray, Mary F., "The Habiru-Hebrew Problem, in the Light of Source Materials Available at Present," Hebrew Union College Annual, XXIX (1958), 135-202.
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Johnson, Aubrey, The Vitality of the Individual in the Thought of Ancient Israel. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1949.
, The One and the Many in the Israelite Conception of God. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1961.
McCown, C. C., The Ladder of Progress in Palestine. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943.
Meek, Theophile J., Hebrew Origins, rev. ed. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950. (Now in a Harper paperback.)
Mendenhall, G. E., "The Hebrew Conquest of Palestine," The Biblical Archaeologist, XXV (1962), 66-87.
Newman, Murray, The People of the Covenant. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962.
Pedersen, Jobs, Israel: Its Life and Culture. Copenhagen: Povl Branner, I-II, 1926, III-IV, 1940.
Robinson, H. Wheeler, "The Hebrew Conception of Corporate Personality," Werden und Wesen des Alten Testaments, B.Z.A.W., LXVI (1936), 49 ff.
Rowley, H. H., From Moses to Qumran: Studies in the Old Testament. London: Lutterworth Press, 1963.
Whitlock, Glenn E., "The Structure of Personality in Hebrew Psychology," Interpretation, XIV (1960), 3-13.
Winnett, F. V., The Mosaic Tradition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1949.
Bright, John, "Joshua: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II.
Burney, C. F., The Book of Judges. London: Rivingtons, 1930.
, Israel's Settlement in Canaan, The Schweich Lectures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1919.
Cohen, A., Joshua and Judges. London: The Soncino Press, 1950.
Garstang, John, The Foundations of Bible History: Joshua Judges. London: Constable and Co., 1931.
Kaufmann, Yehezkel, The Biblical Account of the Conquest of Palestine, M. Dagut, trans. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1955.
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McKenzie, John L., The World of the Judges. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966.
Moore, G. F., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895.
Myers, Jacob M., "Judges: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II.
Rowley, H. H., From Joseph to Joshua, The Schweich Lectures. London: The British Academy, 1950.
Rust, Eric C., The Book of Judges, Ruth, I and II Samuel, Layman's Bible Commentary, No. 6. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1961.
Simpson, C. A., Composition of the Book of Judges. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957.
Tunyogi, Andrew C., "The Book of the Conquest," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIV (1965), 374-380.
Albright, Wm. F., Samuel and the Beginnings of the Prophetic Movement, The Goldenson Lecture for 1961. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1961.
Arnold, W. R., Ephod and Ark, Harvard Theological Studies III. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1917.
Bright, John, "I and II Samuel," Interpretation, V (1951), 450-461.
Caird, George B., "I-II Samuel: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II.
Carlson, R. A., David, The Chosen King: A Traditio-Historical Approach to the Second Book of Samuel. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell, 1964.
Danell, G. A., "The Idea of God's People in the Bible," The Root of the Vine. Westminster: Dacre Press, 1953, 23-36.
Glueck, Nelson, "Ezion-Geber," The Biblical Archaeologist, XXVIII (1965), 70-87.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm, I & II Samuel, The Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1964.
Malamat, A., "The Kingdom of David and Solomon in its Contact with Egypt and Aram Naharaim," Biblical Archaeologist, XXI (1958), 96-112.
, "Aspects of the Foreign Policies of David and Solomon," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XXII (I 963), 1-17.
Maly, Eugene H., The World of David and Solomon. New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 1965.
May, H. G., "Some Aspects of Solar Worship at Jerusalem," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, LV (1937), 269-280.
Morgenstern, J., "David and Jonathan," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXVIII (1959), 322-324.
Neufeld, E., "The Emergence of a Royal-Urban Society in Ancient Israel," Hebrew Union College Annual, XXXI (1960), 31-53.
Parrot, André, The Flood and Noah's Ark, E. Hudson, trans. New York: Philosophical Library, 1955.
, The Temple of Jerusalem, B. E. Hooke, trans. New York: Philosophical Library, 1955.
, The Tower of Babel, E. Hudson, trans. New York. Philosophical Library, 1955.
Pfeiffer, Robert H., and William G. Pollard, The Hebrew Iliad: The History of the Rise of Israel under Saul and David. New York: Harper and Row, 1957.
Woolley, Sir Leonard, Ur of the Chaldees. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1950.
, Excavations at Ur. New York: Barnes gc Noble, 1954.
Wright, G. E., "The Stevens Reconstruction of the Solomonic Temple," The Biblical Archaeologist, XVIII (1955), 41-44.
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Yeivin, S., "Social, Religious and Cultural Trends in Jerusalem under the Davidic Dynasty," Vetus Testamentum, III (1953), 149-166.
Childs, B. S., "The Birth of Moses," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIV (1965), 109-122.
Cross, Frank M., Jr., "The Priestly Tabernacle," The Biblical Archaeologist, X (1947), 4548. Reprinted in The Biblical Archaeologist Reader. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 201-228.
, and David N. Freedman, "The Song of Miriam," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XIV (1955), 237-250.
Driver, S. R., The Book of Genesis, Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen and Co., 1926.
, The Book of Exodus, The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911, reprinted 1953.
Elliot-Binns, L., The Book of Numbers, Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen and Co., 1926.
Finegan, Jack, In the Beginning: A Journey Through Genesis. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962.
Fritsch, C. T., The Book of Genesis, Layman's Bible Commentary. Richmond, Va.: John Knox Press, 1959.
Gemser, B., and J. Hoftijzer, et al., Studies on the Book of Genesis. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958.
Gray, G. B., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903.
Griffiths, J. Gwyn, "The Egyptian Derivation of the Name Moses," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XII (1953), 225-231.
Gunkel, Hermann, The Legends of Genesis, The Biblical Saga and History. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1907, reprinted as a paperback by Schocken Books (New York), 1964.
Haran, Menahem, "Shiloh and Jerusalem: The Origin of the Priestly Tradition in the Pentateuch," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXI (1962), 14-24.
Hay, Lewis S., "What Really Happened at the Sea of Reeds," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIII (I 964) , 397-403.
Heidel, Alexander, The Babylonian Genesis, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Hooke, S. H., In the Beginning. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.
Marsh, John, "Numbers: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II.
McCarthy, Dennis J., "Plagues and Sea of Reeds: Exodus 5-14," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXV (1966), 137-158.
McNeile, A. H., The Book of Exodus, Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen and Co., 1917.
Micklem, Nathaniel, "Leviticus: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II.
Morgenstern, Julian, The Book of Genesis, A Jewish Interpretation. New York: Shocken Books, 1965. First published in 1919 by The Union of American Hebrew Congregations.
Mowinckel, Sigmund, The Two Sources of the Pre-Deuteronomic Primeval History in Genesis I-XI. Oslo: Det Norske Videnskap-Akademi, 1937.
Neher, André, Moses and the Vocation of the Jewish People, Men of Wisdom Books, 7. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957.
Niles, Daniel T., Studies in Genesis. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1958.
Noth, Martin, Exodus, The Old Testament Library, J. S. Bowden, trans. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962.
, Leviticus, The Old Testament Library, J. E. Anderson, trans. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1965.
Orlinsky, Harry M., Genesis, The New Jewish Version Translation. New York: Harper and Row, 1966. (A Harper Torchbook.)
Rabe, Virgil W., "The Identity of the Priestly Tabernacle," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XXV (1966), 132-134.
Rad, G. von, Moses, World Christian Books. London: Lutterworth Press, 1960.
, Genesis, The Old Testament Library, J. H. Marks, trans. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961.
Renckens, M., Israel's Concept of the Beginning Theology of Genesis I-III. New York: Herder and Herder, 1964.
Rowley, H. H., Israel's Sojourn in Egypt. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1938. Reprint from the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Vol. 22, No. I, April, 1938.
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Simpson, Cuthbert A., "Genesis: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, 1.
Speiser, E. A., Genesis, The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday and Co., 1964.
Vawter, Bruce, A Path Through Genesis. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1956.
Whitley, C. F., "The Pattern of Creation in Genesis, Chapter 1," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XVII (I 958) , 32-40.
Wright, G. Ernest, "Deuteronomy: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II.
Cross, Frank M., Jr., and David N. Freedman, "Josiah's Revolt Against Assyria," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XII (1953), 56-58.
Gray, John, I and II Kings, The Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963.
Montgomery, James A., and H. S. Gehman, The Book of Kings, International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951.
Rad, G. von, "The Deuteronomic Theology of History in I and II Kings," The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, E. W. T. Dicken, trans. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1966.
Rowley, H. H., "Elijah on Mount Carmel," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XLIII (1960), 190-219.
Snaith, Norman H., "I-II Kings: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, III.
Anderson, B. W., and W. Harrelson, eds., Israel's Prophetic Heritage. New York: Harper and Row, 1962.
Bewer, J. A., The Prophets, Harper's Annotated Bible. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949.
Buber, Martin, The Prophetic Faith, C. Witton-Davies, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1949.
Chaine, J., God's Heralds, B. McGrath, trans. New York: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., 1954.
Clements, R. E., Prophecy and Covenant, Studies in Biblical Theology, 43. London: S.C.M. Press, 1965.
Davies, L. J. D. L., The Origin and Development of Early Hebrew Prophecy in Special Relation to the Development of Yahwism in Israel. Dissertation, University of Bonn, 1959.
Dheilly, Joseph, The Prophets, The Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism, Rachel Attwater, trans. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960.
Fohreh, Georg, "Remarks on Modern Interpretation of the Prophets," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXX (1961), 309-319. .
Fosbroke, Hughell E. W., "The Prophetic Literature," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 201-211.
Frost, Stanley B., Patriarchs and Prophets. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1963.
Gerstenberger, Erhard, "The Woe Oracles of the Prophets," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXI (1962), 249-263.
Gottwald, Norman K., All the Kingdoms of the Earth: Israelite Prophecy and International Relations in the Ancient Near East. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.
Guillaume, A., Prophecy and Divination Among the Hebrews and Other Semites. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938.
Henshaw, Thomas, The Latter Prophets. London: Allen and Unwin, 1958.
Heschel, A. J., The Prophets. New York: Harper and Row, 1963.
Hoenig, Sidney Benjamin, A Guide to the Prophets. New York: Yeshiva University, 1957.
Huffmon, Herbert B., "The Covenant Lawsuit in the Prophets," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXVIII (1959) , 285-295.
Hyatt, J. P., Prophetic Religion. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1947.
Johnson, Aubrey R., The Cultic Prophet in Ancient Israel. Cardiff: University of Wales, 1961.
Kingsbury, Edwin C., "The Prophets and the Council of Yahweh," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIII (1964), 279-286.
Kuhl, C., The Prophets of Israel. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1960.
Lindblom, J., Prophecy in Ancient Israel. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962.
McKane, Wm., Prophets and Wise Men, Studies in Biblical Theology, 44. Napierville: Alex R. Allenson, 1965.
Milton, John P., Prophecy Interpreted; Essays in Old Testament Interpretation. Minneapolis: Augsburg Pub. House, 1960.
Mowinckel, Sigmund, Prophecy and Tradition. Oslo: I Kommisjon Hos Jacob Dybwad, 1946.
Napier, B. D., Prophets in Perspective. New York: Abingdon Press, 1963.
Rowley, H. H., Men of God: Studies in Old Testament History and Prophecy. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1963.
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Scott, R. B. Y., The Relevance of the Prophets. New York: Macmillan, 1944.
Smith, G. A., The Book of the Twelve Prophets, The Expositors' Bible. New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1902-1905.
Stuhlmueller, C., The Prophets and the Word of God. Notre Dame, Indiana: Fides Publishers, Inc., 1964.
Vawter, B., The Conscience of Israel. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1961.
Whitley, Charles Francis, The Prophetic Achievement. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1963.
Bentzen, A., "The Ritual Background of Amos 1:1-2:16," Oudtestamentische Studiën, VIII. Leiden: Brill, 1950, 85-99.
Cohen, Simon, "Amos was a Navi," Hebrew Union College Annual, XXXII (1961), 175-178.
, "The Political Background of the Words of Amos," Hebrew Union College Annual, XXXVI (1965), 153-160.
Cripps, R. S., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Amos. London: S.P.C.K., 1929. (Reprinted by Macmillan, 1955.)
Driver, S. R., The Books of Joel and Amos, The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901, 1934.
Fosbroke, Hughell E. W., "Amos: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI
Kapelrud, Arvid Schou, Central Ideas in Amos. Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1961.
McCullough, W. S., "Some Suggestions about Amos," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXII (1953), 247-254.
Rowley, H. H., "Was Amos a Nabi?" Festchrift Otto Eissfeldt, J. Fueck, ed. Halle: Niemeyer, 1947, 191-198.
Snaith, Norman H., Amos, Hosea, and Micah. London: Epworth Press, 1956.
, The Book of Amos, Study Notes on Bible Books. London: Epworth Press, 1946.
Watts, John D., Vision and Prophecy in Amos. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 1958.
, "An Old Hymn Preserved in the Book of Amos," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XV (1956), 33-39.
Brown, S. L., The Book of Hosea, Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1932.
Eichrodt, Walther, "The Holy One in Your Midst," Lloyd Gaston, trans. Interpretation, XV (1961), 259-273.
Ginsberg, H. L., "Hosea's Ephraim, More Fool Than Knave," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXX (1961), 339-347.
Harper, W. R., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Amos and Hosea, The International Critical Commentaries. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905.
Knight, George A. F., Hosea, The Torch Bible Commentaries. London: S.C.M. Press, 1960.
Mauchline, John, "Hosea: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
May, H. G., "The Fertility Cult in Hosea," The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, XLVIII (1931), 73-98.
McKenzie, John L., "Divine Passion in Osee," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XVII (1955), 287-299.
, "Knowledge of God in Hosea," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIV (1955), 22-27.
North, F. S., "Solution of Hosea's Marital Problems by Critical Analysis," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XVI (1957), 128-130.
Ritschl, D., "God's Conversion," Interpretation, XV (1961), 286-303.
Rowley, H. H., "The Marriage of Hosea," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XXXIX (1956), 200-233.
Scott, Melville, The Message of Hosea. London: S.P.C.K., 1921.
Snaith, Norman H., Mercy and Sacrifice: A Study of the Book of Hosea. London: S.C.M. Press, 1950.
Tushingham, A. Douglas, "A Reconsideration of Hosea, Chapters 1-3," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XII (1953), 150-159.
Ward, James M., Hosea: A Theological Commentary. New York: Harper and Row, 1966.
Wolff, Hans Walter, "Guilt and Salvation," Lloyd Gaston, trans. Interpretation, XV (1961), 274-285.
Blank, Sheldon M., "The Current Misinterpretations of Isaiah's She'ar Yashub," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXVII (1948), 211-215.
, "Immanuel and Which Isaiah?" Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XIII (1954), 83-86.
, Prophetic Faith in Isaiah. New York: Harper and Row, 1958.
Eaton, J. H., "Origins of the Book of Isiah," Vetus Testamentum, IX (1959), 138-157.
Fisher, Willis W., Isaiah and the Nature Cults. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938
Gottwald, Norman K., "Immanuel as the Prophet's Son," Vetus Testamentum, VIII (1958), 36-47.
Gray, George Buchanan, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Isaiah I-XXXIX, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912.
Jones, D. R., "The Tradition of the Oracles of Isaiah of Jerusalem," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, LXVII (1955), 226-246.
Kennett, R. H., The Composition of the Book of Isaiah in the Light of History and Archaeology, The Schweich Lectures, 1909. London: Henry Frowde, 1910.
Kissane, Edward J., The Book of Isaiah, 2nd ed., 2 vols. Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1960.
Leslie, Elmer A., Isaiah. New York: Abingdon Press, 1963.
Scott, R. B. Y., "Isaiah 1-39: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, V.
Snaith, Norman H., Notes on the Hebrew Text of Isaiah, Chapters XXVIII-XXXII, Study Notes on Bible Books. London: Epworth Press, 1945.
Haupt, Paul, The Book of Micah. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1910.
Marsh, John, Amos and Micah. London: S.C.M. Press, 1959.
Snaith, Norman H., Amos, Hosea and Micah. London: Epworth Press, 1956.
Wade, G. W., Micah, Obadiah, Joel and Jonah, The Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1925.
Wolfe, Roland E., "Micah: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Hyatt, J. Phillip, "The Date and Background of Zephaniah," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, VII (1948), 25-29,
Taylor, Charles L., Jr., "Zephaniah: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Williams, Donald L., "The Date of Zephaniah," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXII (1963), 77-88.
Blair, Edward, "An Appeal to Remembrance," Interpretation, XV (1961), 39-47.
Cunliffe-Jones, H., Deuteronomy, Torch Bible Commentaries. London: S.C.M. Press, 1951.
Driver, S. R., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895.
Erdman, C. R., The Book of Deuteronomy. Westwood, N.J.: FIeming H. Revell, 1953.
Kennett, R. H., Deuteronomy and the Decalogue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.
Kline, M. G., Treaty of the Great King; the Covenant Structure of Deuteronomy, Studies and Commentary. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1963.
Mackintosh, C. H., Notes on the Book of Deuteronomy, Boston: J. A. Whipple, n.d.
Manley, M. A., The Book of the Law; Studies in the Date of Deuteronomy. London: Tyndale Press, 1957.
Moran, William L., "The Ancient Near Eastern Background of the Love of God in Deuteronomy," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXV (1963), 77-87.
Myers, Jacob, "The Requisites for Response," Interpretation, XV (1961), 14-31.
Rad, G. von, Studies in Deuteronomy, Studies in Biblical Theology, 9. London: S.C.M. Press, 1953.
, "Ancient Word and Living Word," Interpretation, XV . (1961), 1-13.
, Deuteronomy: A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1966.
Rowley, H. H., "The Prophet Jeremiah and The Book of Deuteronomy," Studies in Old Testament Prophecy. Edinburgh: T. gc T. Clark, 1950.
Weinfeld, M., "The Origin of the Humanism in Deuteronomy," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXX (1961), 241-247.
Welch, A. C., The Code of Deuteronomy. London: J. Clarke Sc Co., 1924.
, Deuteronomy: The Framework of the Code. London: Oxford University Press, 1932.
Wright, G. E., "The Lawsuit of God: A Form-Critical Study of Deuteronomy 32," Israel's Prophetic Heritage. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962.
, "Deuteronomy: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II
Haldar, A. O., Studies in the Book of Nahum. Uppsala: Lundequistska Bokhandeln, 1947.
Maier, Walter A., The Book of Nahum. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959.
Taylor, Charles L., Jr., "Nahum: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Albright, W. F., "The Psalm of Habakkuk," Studies in Old Testament Prophecy, H. H. Rowley, ed. Edinburgh: T. Sc T. Clark, 1950.
Brownlee, William Hugh, The Text of Habakkuk in the Ancient Commentary from Qumran. Philadelphia: Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, 1959.
, "The Placarded Revelation of Habakkuk," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXII (1963), 319-325.
Good, Edwin Marshall, The Text and Versions of Habakkuk 3; a Study in Textual History. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, 1958.
Holt, John Marshall, "So He Who Runs May Read It," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXII (1964), 298-302.
Humbert, Paul, Problèmes du livre d'Habacuc. Neûchatel: Secrétariat de l'Université, 1944.
Irwin, W. A., "The Mythological Background of Habakkuk, Chapter 3," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XV (1956), 47-50.
Sanders, James Alvin, "Habakkuk in Qumran, Paul, and the Old Testament," Journal of Religion, XXXIX (I 959), 232-244.
Taylor, Charles L., Jr., "Habakkuk: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Blank, Sheldon, Jeremiah, Man and Prophet. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1961.
Bright, John, "The Date of the Prose Sermons of Jeremiah," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXX (1951), 15-35.
, Jeremiah, Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday Sc Co., 1965.
Cunliffe-Jones, H., Jeremiah, The Torch Bible Commentaries. London: S.C.M. Press, 1960.
Gerstenberger, Erhard, "Jeremiah's Complaints: Observations on Jer. 15: 1-21," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXII (1963), 393-408.
Harrelson, Walter J., Jeremiah, Prophet to the Nations. Philadelphia: Judson Press, 1959.
Holladay, William L., "Prototype and Copies: A New Approach to the Poetry-Prose Problem in the Book of Jeremiah," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIX (1960), 351-367.
, Style, Irony, and Authenticity in Jeremiah," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXI (1962), 44-54.
, The Background of Jeremiah's Self-Understanding: Moses, Samuel and Psalm 22," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIII (1964), 153-164.
, Jeremiah and Moses: Further Observations," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXV (1966), 17-27.
, The Recovery of Poetic Passages of Jeremiah," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXV (1966), 401-435.
Hyatt, J. Philip, Jeremiah, Prophet of Courage and Hope. New York: Abingdon Press, 1958.
, Jeremiah: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, V.
Leslie, Elmer A., Jeremiah: Chronologically Arranged, Translated, and Interpreted. New York: Abingdon Press, 1954.
Milgrom, Jacob, "The Date of Jeremiah, Chapter 2," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XIV (1955), 65-69.
Rowley, H. H., "The Early Prophecies of Jeremiah in their Setting," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XLV (1962), 198-234.
Skinner, John, Prophecy and Religion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1922.
Welch, A. C., Jeremiah, His Time and His Work. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1929,1951.
Broome, E. C., "Ezekiel's Abnormal Personality," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXV (1946), 277-296.
Cooke, G. A., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,1937.
Gaster, T. H., "Ezekiel and the Mysteries," Journal of Biblical Literature, LX (I 941), 289 ff.
Greenberg, Moshe, "On Ezekiel's Dumbness," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXVII (1958), 101-105.
Howie, Carl Gordon, The Date and Composition of Ezekiel. Philadelphia: Society of Biblical Literature, 1950.
Irwin, W. A., The Problem of Ezekiel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.
May, Herbert G., "Ezekiel: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Rowley, H. H., The Book of Ezekiel in Modern Study. Manchester: Manchester University Press and John Rylands Library, 1953.
Smith, James, The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel. New York: Macmillan, 1931.
Spiegel, S., "Noah, Daniel, and Job," Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume. New York: Academy for Jewish Research, 1945.
Torrey, C. C., Pseudo-Ezekiel and the Original Prophecy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930.
Gottwald, Norman K., Studies in the Book of Lamentations, Studies in Biblical Theology, 14. London: S.C.M. Press, 1954.
Meek, Theophile J., "Lamentations: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Buttenweiser, M., The Book of Job. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
Carstensen, Roger N., Job: Defense of Honor. New York: Abingdon Press, 1963.
Crook, M., The Cruel God. Boston: Beacon Press, 1959.
Driver, S. R., and G. B. Gray, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Job. The International Critical Commentary, 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921.
Eerdmans, B. D., Studies in Job. Leiden: Burgerdijk and Niermans, 1939.
Ellison, H. L., From Tragedy to Triumph: The Message of the Book of Job. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1958.
Fine, Hillel A., "The Tradition of a Patient Job," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIV (1955),28-32.
Freehof, Solomon B., Book of Job. New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1958.
Genevieve, Sister M., "Job, a Drama: The Battle of the Soul." Catholic Educational Review, XXIX (1931), 345-348.
Gordis, R., "The Temptation of Job: Tradition versus Experience," Judaism, IV (I 955) , 63-76.
Hanson, Anthony and Miriam, The Book of Job: A Commentary. New York: Collier Books, 1962. (Paperback.)
Hone, Ralph E., The Voice Out of the Whirlwind: The Book of Job. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Co., Inc., 1960.
Irwin, W. A., "Job's Redeemer," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXI (1962), 217-229.
Jastrow, M. The Book of Job. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1920.
Jung, C. G., Answer to Job, R. F. C. Hull, trans. London: Routledge 8c Kegan Paul, 1954.
Kallen, H. M., The Book of Job as a Greek Tragedy. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1918.
Kissane, Edward J., The Book of Job. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1946.
Kraeling, Emil G., The Book of the Ways of God. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1939.
Kuyper, L. J., "The Repentance of Job," Vetus Testamentum, IX (1959), 91-94.
Laks, H. J., "The Enigma of Job: Maimonides and the Moderns," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIII (1964), 345-364.
Larue, Gerald A., "The Book of Job on the Futility of Theological Discussion," The Personalist. Los Angeles: The University of Southern California, 45 (1964) , 72-79.
MacKenzie, R. A. F., "The Purpose of the Yahweh Speeches in the Book of Job," Biblica, XL (1959), 435-445.
Nairne, A., The Book of Job. London: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
Nichols, H. H., "The Composition of the Elihu Speeches," American Journal of Semitic Languages, XXVII (I 91 1).
Peake, A. S., Job. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, n.d.
Pope, Marvin H., Job, The Anchor Bible. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1965.
Robinson, H. Wheeler, The Cross in the Old Testament. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955. (Also in an S.C.M. paperback.)
Rowley, H. H., "The Book of Job and Its Meaning," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XLI (1958), 167-207.
Sarna, Nahum M., "Epic Substratum in the Prose of Job," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXVI (1957), 13-25.
Shapiro, D. S., "The Problem of Evil and the Book of Job," Judaism, V (1956) , 46-52.
Stevenson, William B., The Poem of Job, a Literary Study with a New Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1947. The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1943.
Stockhammer, M., "The Righteousness of Job," Judaism, VII (1958), 64-71.
Strahan, J., The Book of Job Interpreted. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1913.
Sutcliffe, Edmund F., Providence and Suffering in the Old and New Testaments. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1958.
Terrien, S., Job: Poet of Existence. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1957.
, "Job: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, III.
Thompson, K. T., Jr., "Out of the Whirlwind. The Sense of Alienation in the Book of Job," Interpretation, XIV (1960), 51-63.
Tsevat, Matitiahu, "The Meaning of the Book of Job," Hebrew Union College Annual, XXXVII (1966), 73-106.
Williams, R. J., "Theodicy in the Ancient Near East," Canadian Journal of Theology, II (1956), 14-26.
Wood, I. F., "Folktales in the Old Testament Narratives," Journal of Biblical Literature, XXVIII (1909).
Zink, James A., "Impatient Job," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIV (1965), 147-152.
Anderson, B. W., "Exodus Typology in Second Isaiah," Israel's Prophetic Heritage, B. W. Anderson and W. Harrelson, eds. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962.
de Boer, P. A. H., Second Isaiah's Message (Oudtestamentische Studien XI). Leiden: Brill, 1956.
Cross, Frank M., Jr., "The Council of Yahweh in Second Isaiah," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XII (I 953), 274-277.
Knight, George A. F., Deutero-Isaiah. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press, 1965.
Lindblom, J., The Servant Songs in Deutero-Isaiah. Lund: Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 1951.
Lindhagen, Curt, The Servant Motif in the Old Testament. Uppsala: Almquist & Wiksells, 1950.
Morgenstern, Julian, The Message of Deutero-Isaiah. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1961.
Muilenburg, James, "Isaiah 40-66: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, V.
North, Christopher Richard, Isaiah 40-55; Introduction and Commentary. London: S.C.M. Press, 1952.
, The Suffering Servant in Deutero-Isaiah, an Historical and Critical Study. London: Oxford University Press, 1956.
, The Second Isaiah: Introduction, Translation and Commentary to Chs. XL-LV. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Pallis, S. A., The Babylonian Akitu Festival. Copenhagen: Andr. Fred. Host 9c Son, 1926.
Ringgren, H., The Messiah in the Old Testament, Studies in Biblical Theology, 18, Ch. 3. London: S.C.M. Press, 1956.
Roth, W. M. W., "The Anonymity of the Suffering Servant," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIII (1964), 171-179.
Rowley, H. H., The Servant of the Lord and Other Essays on the Old Testament. London: Lutterworth Press, 1952.
Smart, James D., History and Theology in Second Isaiah: a Commentary on Isaiah 35, 40-66. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1965.
Smith, Morton, "II Isaiah and the Persians," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 83 (1963), 415-421.
Smith, Sidney, Isaiah, Chapters XL-LV, The Schweich lectures, 1940. London: Oxford University Press, 1944.
Stuhlmueller, C., "The Theology of Creation in Second Isaiah," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXI (1959), 429-467.
Torrey, Charles Cutler, The Second Isaiah; a New Interpretation. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928.
Zimmerli, W., and J. Jeremias, The Servant of God, Studies in Biblical Theology, No. 20. Napierville, Illinois: Alec R. Allenson, 1959.
Dentan, Robert C., "Malachi: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Mitchell, H. G., J. M. P. Smith and Julius A. Bewer, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi and Jonah, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912.
North, F. S., "Critical Analysis of the Book of Haggai," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, LXVIII (1956), 25-46.
Thomas, D. Winton, "Haggai: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
, "Zechariah: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Thompson, John A., "Obadiah: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Bertman, Stephen, "Symmetrical Design in the Book of Ruth," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIV (1965), 165-168.
Childs, Brevard S., "Jonah: A Study in Old Testament Hermeneutics," Scottish Journal of Theology, XI (I 958), 53-61.
Crook, M. B., "The Book of Ruth," Journal of Bible and Religion, XVI (1948), 155-160.
Gerleman, Gillis, Ruth, Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament, 18 (Neukirchen Kreis Moers). Neukirchener Verlag, 1960.
Myers, Jacob M., The Linguistic & Literary Form of the Book of Ruth. Leiden: Brill, 1955.
Smart, James D., "Jonah: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Smith, Louise Pettybone, "Ruth: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, II.
Staples, W. E., "The Book of Ruth," American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 53 (1937) , 145-157.
Albright, W. F., "The Date and Personality of the Chronicler," Journal of Biblical Literature, XL (1921), 104-124.
Avi-Yonah, M., "The Walls of Nehemiah," Israel Exploration Journal, IV (1954), 239-248.
Batten, L. W., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913.
Bickerman, Elias, From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees. New York: A Schocken Paperback,1962.
Bowman, R. A., "Ezra and Nehemiah: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, III.
Bright, J., "The Date of Ezra's Mission to Jerusalem," Yehezhel Kaufmann Jubilee Volume. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1960, 70-87.
Burrows, M., "Nehemiah 3:1-28 as a Source for the Topography of Ancient Israel," Annual of The American Schools for Oriental Research, XIV (1934), 115-140.
Curtis, E. L., and A. A. Madsen, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Chronicles, The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910.
Elmslie, W. A. L., "I-II Chronicles: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, III.
Freedman, David Noel, "The Chronicler's Purpose," Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXIII (1961), 436-442.
Kelly, Balmer H., Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job. Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1962.
Myers, J. M., I Chronicles, The Anchor Bible. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., 1965.
, II Chronicles, The Anchor Bible. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., 1965.
, Ezra-Nehemiah, The Anchor Bible. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., 1965.
North, R., "Theology of the Chronicler," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXII (1963), 369-381.
, "The Cain Music," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXIII (1964), 373-389.
Rad, G. von, "The Levitical Sermon in I and II Chronicles," The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, E. W. T. Dicken, trans. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1966.
Richardson, H. N., "The Historical Reliability of Chronicles," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXVI (1958), 9-12.
Rudolph, W., "Problems of the Books of Chronicles," Vetus Testamentum, IV (1954), 401-409.
Slotki, I. W., Chronicles, Soncino Books of the Bible. London: The Soncino Press, 1952.
, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah, Soncino Books of the Bible. London: The Soncino Press, 1951.
Snaith, N. H., "The Date of Ezra's Arrival in Jerusalem," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, LXIII (1951), 53-66.
, The Jews from Cyrus to Herod. New York: Abingdon Press, 1932.
Stinespring, W. F., "Eschatology in Chronicles," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXX (1961), 209-219.
Torrey, C. C., Ezra Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1910.
, The Chronicler's History of Israel: Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah Restored to Its Original Form. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954.
Welch, A. C., The Work of the Chronicler, Schweich Lectures, 1938. London: The British Academy, 1939.
Zeitlin, S., The History of the Second Jewish Commonwealth: Prologemena. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1933.
Baggott, L. J., The Seven Penitential Psalms. London: A. R. Mowbray and Co., 1963.
Barth, Christopher, Introduction to the Psalms. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966.
Blackman, A. M., "The Psalms in the Light of Egyptian Research," The Psalmists, D. C. Simpson, ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1926, 177-197.
Boylan, Patrick. The Psalms, 2 vols. Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, Ltd., 1948.
Briggs, C. A. and E. G., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Psalms, The International Critical Commentary, 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906-1907.
Buss, Martin J., "The Psalms of Asaph and Korah," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXII (1963), 382-392.
Buttenweiser, M., The Psalms, Chronologically Treated with a New Translation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938.
Cohen, A., The Psalms, Hebrew Text, English Translation and Commentary, The Soncino Books of the Bible. London: The Soncino Press, 1945.
Cooper, Charles M., The Psalms in Life; a Study of the Psalter and Its Place in the Life of Christians Today. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1959.
Crim, Keith R., The Royal Psalms. Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1962.
Cross, Frank M., Jr., "Notes on a Canaanite Psalm in the Old Testament," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, CXVII (1950), 19-20.
Cumming, C. G., The Assyrian and Hebrew Hymns of Praise, Columbia University Oriental Studies, Vol. XII. New York: Columbia University Press, 1934.
Dahood, Mitchell, Psalms I (1-50), The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday and Co., 1966.
Dalglish, E. R., Psalm 51 in the Light of Ancient Near Eastern Patterns. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962.
Drijvers, Pius, The Psalms, Their Structure and Meaning. New York: Herder and Herder, 1965.
Driver, G. R., "The Psalms in the Light of Babylonian Research," The Psalmists, D. C. Simpson, ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1926, 109-175.
Franken, H. J., The Mystical Communion with Yahweh in the Book of Psalms. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1954.
Freehof, S. B., The Book of Psalms, A Commentary. Cincinnati: Union of Hebrew Congregations, 1938.
Gaster, T. H., "Psalm 45," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIV (1955), 239-251.
Gressmann, Hugo, "The Development of Hebrew Psalmody," The Psalmists, D. C. Simpson, ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1926.
Gross, M., Blessing and Cursing in the Psalms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937.
Gunkel, H., "The Poetry of the Old Testament: Its Literary History and Its Application to the Dating of the Psalms," Old Testament Essays, D. C. Simpson, ed. London: Griffin, 1927.
, "The Religion of the Psalms," What Remains of the Old Testament and Other Essays. London: Allen and Unwin, 1928.
Guthrie, H. H., Israel's Sacred Songs. New York: The Seabury Press, 1966.
James, F., Thirty Psalmists. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1938.
Johnson, A., "The Psalms," The Old Testament and Modern Study, H. H. Rowley, ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1951.
Kalt, E., ed., Herder's Commentary on the Psalms, B. Fritz, trans. Westminster, Maryland: The Newman Press, 1961.
Kilpatrick, A. F., The Book of Psalms. London: Cambridge University Press, 1902.
Kissane, E. J., The Book of Psalms, 2 vols. Westminster, Maryland: Newman Press, 1953.
Kraus, Hans-Joachim, Die Königsherrschaft Jahwes im Alten Testament. Tübingen: Mohr, 1951.
, Worship in Israel, G. Buswell, trans. Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1966.
Lamb, John A., The Psalms in Christian Worship. London: Faith Press, 1962.
Leslie, Elmer A., The Psalms, Translated and Interpreted in the Light of Hebrew Life and Worship. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1949.
McCullough, W. S., "Psalms: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, IV.
Mowinckel, S., The Psalms in Israel's Worship, D. R. Ap-Thomas, trans., 2 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962.
Oesterley, W. O. E., A Fresh Approach to the Psalms. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937.
, The Psalms, Vol I. London: S.P.C.K., 1939.
Paterson, John, The Praises of Israel. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1950.
Patton, J. H., Canaanite Parallels in the Book of Psalms. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1944.
Ringgren, Helmer, The Faith of the Psalmists. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1963.
Simpson, D. C., ed., The Psalmists. London: Oxford University Press, 1926.
Smith, J. M. P., The Religion of the Psalms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922.
Snaith, Norman H., Studies in the Psalter. London: The Epworth Press, 1934.
, Hymns of the Temple. London: S.C.M. Press, 1951.
Taylor, Charles Lincoln, Jr., "The Psalms," Munera Studiosa, Massey H. Shepherd, Jr., Sherman E. Johnson, eds. Cambridge, Mass.: The Episcopal Theological School, 1946, 3-21.
Terrien, Samuel, The Psalms and Their Meaning for Today. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952.
Weiser, A., The Psalms, The Old Testament Library, H. Hartwell, trans. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962.
Westermann, C., The Praise of God in the Psalms, Keith R. Crim, trans. Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1965.
Widengreti, George, The Accadian and Hebrew Psalms of Lamentation as Religious Documents. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A.-B., 1937.
Worden, Thomas, The Psalms Are Christian Prayer. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1961.
Anderson, Bernhard W., "Esther: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, III.
Doniach, S., Purim and the Feast of Esther. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1933.
Gaster, T. H., Purim and Hanukkah. New York: Henry Schuman, 1950.
McKane, William, Tracts for the Times. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1965.
Myers, J. M., "Some Considerations Bearing on the Date of Joel," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, LXXIV (1962), 177-195.
Thompson, John A., "Joel's Locusts in the Light of Near Eastern Parallels," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XIV (1955), 52-55.
, "Joel: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Treves, Marco, "The Date of Joel," Vetus Testamentum, VII (1957), 149-156.
Dentan, Robert C., "Zechariah 9-14: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Otzen, Benedikt, Studien über Deuterosacharia, "Acta Theologica Danica," Vol. VI. Copenhagen: Prostant apud Munksgaard, 1964.
Baumgartner, W., "The Wisdom Literature," The Old Testament and Modern Study, H. H. Rowley, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951.
Irwin, William A., "The Wisdom Literature," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 212-219.
Lambert, W. G., Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.
McCullough, W. S., ed., The Seed of Wisdom: Essays in Honour of T. J. Meek. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964.
McKane, William, Prophets and Wise Men, Studies in Biblical Theology, 44. London: S.C.M. Press, 1965.
McKenzie, John L., "Reflections on Wisdom," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXXVI (1967), 1-9.
Murphy, Roland O., Seven Books of Wisdom. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1960.
Noth, Martin, and Thomas D. Winton, eds., Wisdom in Israel and the Ancient Near East, Vetus Testamentum Supplement III. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955.
Rankin, O. S., Israel's Wisdom Literature. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1936.
Rylaarsdam, J. Coert, Revelation in Jewish Wisdom Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.
Toombs, L. E., "The Old Testament and Wisdom Literature," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXIII (1955), 193-196.
Crook, Margaret B., "The Marriageable Maiden of Proverbs 31:10-3l," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XIII (1954), 137-140.
Fritsch, Charles T., "Proverbs: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, IV.
Scott, R. B. Y., Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1965.
Torrey, Charles C., "Proverbs, Chapter 30," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIII (1954), 93-96.
Whybray, R. N., Wisdom in Proverbs: The Concept of Wisdom in Proverbs 1-9, Studies in Biblical Theology 45. London: S.C.M. Press, 1965.
Dahood, M., "The Language of Qoheleth," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XIV (1952), 227-232.
Gordis, Robert, "Was Koheleth a Phoenician?" Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXIV (1955), 103-114.
, Koheleth, the Man and His World. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary Press, 1951.
Murphy, Roland E., "The Pensées of Coheleth," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XVII (1955), 304-314.
Rankin, O. S., "Ecclesiastes: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, V.
Smith, L. L., "A Critical Evaluation of Ecclesiastes," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXI (1953), 100-105.
Gordis, R., "The Song of Songs," Mordecai M. Kaplan Jubilee Volume on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, M. Davis, ed., Vol. I. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1953.
, The Song of Songs: A Study, Modern Translation and Commentary, Text and Studies of the Jewish Theological Seminary in America, Vol. XX. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1954.
Meek, T. J., "The Song of Songs and the Fertility Cult," The Song of Songs, A Symposium, W. H. Schoff, ed. Philadelphia: The Commercial Museum, 1924,48-69.
, "Song of Songs: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, V.
Pouget, William, and jean Guitton, The Canticle of Canticles, The Catholic Scripture Library. New York: Declan X. McMullen Co., 1948.
Rowley, H. H., "The Interpretation of the Song of Songs," The Servant of the Lord and Other Essays on the Old Testament, 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1965, 195-245.
Schoff, W. H., ed. The Song of Songs, A Symposium. Philadelphia: The Commercial Museum, 1924.
Schonfield, Hugh J., The Song of Songs. New York: The New American Library, 1959. (A Mentor paperback.)
Block, J., On the Apocalyptic in Judaism, Jewish Quarterly Review Monograph Series, No. I 1. Philadelphia: Dropsie College, 1953.
Burkitt, F. C., Jewish and Christian Apocalypses, The Schweich Lectures. London: Oxford University Press, 1914.
Frost, Stanley B., Old Testament Apocalyptic. London: Epworth Press, 1952.
Klausner, Joseph, The Messianic Idea in Israel from Its Beginning to the Completion of the Mishnah. New York: Macmillan, 1955.
Mowinckel, Sigmund, He That Cometh, G. W. Anderson, trans. New York: Abingdon Press, 1956.
Noth, Martin, "The Understanding of History in Old Testament Apocalyptic," The Laws in the Pentateuch and Other Studies, D. R. Ap-Thomas, trans. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1966.
Porter, F. C., The Messages of Apocalyptical Writers. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905.
Rowley, H. H., The Relevance of Apocalyptic: A Study of Jewish and Christian Apocalypses from Daniel to the Revelation, rev. ed. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955.
Russel, D. S., The Method and Meaning of Jewish Apocalyptic, Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962.
Teeple, Howard M., The Mosiac Eschatological Prophet, Journal of Biblical Literature, Monograph Series X. Philadelphia: Society of Biblical Literature, 1957.
Charles, R. H., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.
Cornfield, Gaalyahu, Daniel to Paul: Jews in Conflict with Graeco-Roman Civilization. Tel Aviv: Hamikra Baolam Publishing House, 1962.
Driver, S. R., The Book of Daniel, Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922.
Emerton, J. A., "The Origin of the Son of Man Imagery," Journal of Theological Studies, IX (1959), 138-157.
Ginsberg, H. L., Studies in Daniel. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1948.
Heaton, E. W., The Book of Daniel, Torch Bible Commentaries. London: S.C.M. Press, 1956.
Jefferey, Arthur, "Daniel: Introduction and Exegesis," The Interpreter's Bible, VI.
Montgomery, James A., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel. The International Critical Commentary. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1927.
Porteous, Norman Walker, Daniel, The Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1965.
Rhodes, Arnold B., "The Kingdom of Men and the Kingdom of God," Interpretation, XV (1961), 411-430.
Rowley, H. H., "The Meaning of Daniel for Today," Interpretation, XV (1961),387-397.
, Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board, 1935.
Bickerman, E., From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees. New York: Schocken Books, 1962.
Booth, H. K., The Bridge Between the Testaments. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929.
Box, G. H., Judaism in the Greek Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932.
Brockington, Leonard Herbert, A Critical Introduction to the Apocrypha. London: G. Duckworth, 1961.
Bruns, J. E., "Judith or Jael," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XVI (1954), 12-14.
, "The Genealogy of Judith," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XVIII (1956), 19-22.
Charles, R. H., ed., The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913, 1963.
, Religious Development Between the Old and New Testaments. New York: Henry Holt, 1914. London: Oxford University Press.
Dancy, J. C., A Commentary on I Maccabees. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1954.
Davies, W. D., Introduction to Pharisaism. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967.
Dentan, Robert C., The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments. Greenwich, Connecticut: The Seabury Press, 1954.
Di Lella, A., "Conservative and Progressive Theology: Sirach and Wisdom," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXVIII (1966), 139-154.
Dimier, Catherine, The Old Testament Apocrypha, Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1964.
Farmer, W. R., Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus. New York: Columbia University Press, 1956.
Finkelstein, Louis, The Pharisees, the Sociological Background of Their Faith, Morris Loeb Series. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1961.
Gaster, Moses, The Samaritans: Their History, Doctrines, and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923.
Geyer, J., Wisdom of Solomon. London: S.C.M. Press, 1963.
Glatzer, Nahum N., Hillel the Elder. New York: Schocken Books, 1966. (Paperback.)
Goodspeed, Edgar J., The Story of the Apocrypha. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.
Hadas, Moses, The Third and Fourth Book of Maccabees, Jewish Apocryphal Literature. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953.
Herford, R. T., The Pharisees. New York: Macmillan, 1924.
, Talmud and Apocrypha. London: Soncino Press, 1933.
Hughes, Maldwyn H., The Ethics of Jewish Apocryphal Literature. London: Robert Culley, 1909.
Johnson, Norman B., Prayer in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha: A Study of the Jewish Concept of God. Philadelphia: Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, 1948.
Marcus, Ralph, Law in the Apocrypha. New York: Columbia University Press, 1927.
Metzger, Bruce M., An Introduction to the Apocrypha. New York: Oxford University Press, 1957.
Oesterley, W. O. E., II Esdras, The Ezra Apocalypse, Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen and Company, 1933.
, An Introduction to the Books of the Apocrypha. London: S.P.C.K., 1935.
Pfeiffer, Charles F., Between the Testaments. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1959.
Pfeiffer, Robert H., History of New Testament Times, With an Introduction to the Apocrypha. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949.
, "The Literature and Religion of the Apocrypha," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 391-419.
Reese, J. M., "Plan and Structure in the Book of Wisdom," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXVII (1965), 391-399.
Skehan, P. W., The Literary Relationship Between the Book of Wisdom and the Protocanonical Wisdom Books of the Old Testament. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America, 1938.
Suggs, M. Jack, "Wisdom of Solomon 2:10-5: A Homily Based on the Fourth Servant Song," Journal of Biblical Literature, LXXVI (1957), 26-33.
Toombs, Lawrence, The Threshold of Christianity. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960.
Torrey, C. C., The Apocryphal Literature. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945.
Wright, A. G., "The Structure of Wisdom 11-19," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXVII (1965), 28-34.
Zeitlin, S., and S. Tedesche, The First Book of Maccabees, Jewish Apocryphal Literature. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950.
Zimmerman, Frank, The Book of Tobit, Jewish Apocryphal Literature. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958.
Duncker, Peter G., "The Canon of the Old Testament at the Council of Trent," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XV (1953), 277-299.
Filson, Floyd V., Which Books Belong in the Bible? Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957.
Flack, Elmer, and B. Metzger et al., Text, Canon, and Principal Versions of the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1956.
Hebert, A. G., The Authority of the Old Testament. London: Faber and Faber, 1947.
Jeffery, Arthur, "The Canon of the Old Testament," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 32-45.
, "The Text and Versions of the Old Testament," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 46-62.
Lewis, Jack P., "What Do We Mean by Jabneh?," Journal of Bible and Religion, XXXII (1964), 125-132.
Murphy, R. E., A. C. Sundberg, Jr. and S. Sandmel, "A Symposium on the Canon of Scripture," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, XXVIII (1966), 189-207.
Noth, Martin, The Old Testament World, V. I. Gruhn, trans. Part IV: "The Text of the Old Testament." London: Adam and Charles Black, 1966.
Ostborn, Gunnar, Cult and Canon: A Study in the Canonization of the Old Testament. Uppsala: A.-B Lundequistska Bokhandeln, 1950.
Roberts, Bleddyn J., The Old Testament Texts and Versions: The Hebrew Texts in Transmission and the History of the Ancient Versions. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1951.
Sundberg, Albert C., Jr., The Old Testament of the Early Church, Harvard Theological Studies XX. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Wurthwein, Ernst, The Text of the Old Testament. New York: Macmillan, 1959.
Zeitlin, Solomon, An Historical Study of the Canonization of the Hebrew Scriptures. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1933.
An Introduction to The Revised Standard Version of the Old Testament by Members of the Revision Committee. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1952.
Baikie, J., The English Bible and Its Story. London: Seeley, Service and Co. Ltd., 1928.
Bruce, F. F., The English Bible, A History of Translations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Butterworth, C. C., The Literary Lineage of the King James Bible. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941.
Herklots, H. G. G., How Our Bible Came to Us. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954.
Kenyon, Sir Frederick, The Story of the Bible. London: J. Murray, 1936.
, The Bible and Modern Scholarship. London: J. Murray, 1949.
, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts, A. W. Adams, rev. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958.
Larue, Gerald A., "Another Chapter in the History of Bible Translation," The Journal of Bible and Religion, XXXI (1963), 301-310.
Margolis, M. L., The Story of Bible Translations. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1948.
May, H. G., Our English Bible in the Making. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1952.
Mozley, James F., Coverdale and His Bibles. London: Alex R. Allenson, 1953.
Price, I. M., The Ancestry of Our English Bible, 2nd ed. rev. by W. A. Irwin and A. P. Wikgren. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949.
Robinson, H. W., ed., The Bible in its Ancient and English Versions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954.
Rypins, Stanley, The Book of Thirty Centuries. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
Wikgren, Allen, "The English Bible," The Interpreter's Bible, I, 84-105.
Allegro, John, The Dead Sea Scrolls. Baltimore: Penguin Books, Inc. 1956.
Black, Matthew, The Scrolls and Christian Origins. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1961.
Burrows, Millar, The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Viking Press, 1955.
, More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Viking Press, 1958.
Cross, F. M., Jr., The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies, rev. ed. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1961.
Gaster, T. H., Dead Sea Scriptures. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1964.
Milik, J. T., Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea, Studies in Biblical Theology, 26, J. Strugnell, trans. London: S.C.M. Press, 1959.
Ringgren, Helmer, The Faith of Qumran. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1961.
Vermès, Géza, Discovery in the Judean Desert. New York: Desclee Company, 1956.
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