Double Layers & High Potential

The separation of charge leads to voltages proportional to the energy of the ions.
Ionospheric electrons would neutralize the ions, but for gradient B drifts.
Energy is conserved, but this geometry acts as a transformer, producing parallel fields
It should work wherever gradient B drifts are large enough (and gyroradii small)

The separation of charge leads to voltages proportional to the energy of the ions.